Trust of the clinician and the profession in general is a major component for acceptance (and adherence) of psychotropics by children and adolescents.10 The patient’s parents may also resist use of psychotropics for their child.11 As trust builds, the clinician can more clearly and succinctly explain the need for medications and can overcome the family’s intrinsic distrust of them.10,11 Failing to engage patients in treatment decisions will often result in treatment nonadherence and, thus, negative outcomes. A power struggle might ensue and result in patients who sabotage treatment efforts.10,12
As with adult patients, shared decision making is an important component in effectively managing symptoms in young patients.13,14 Although this may be more complex in psychiatry than in general medicine, shared decision making is necessary for optimal results.15 More research is clearly needed to understand an adolescent’s experience with and perceptions of recommended psychotropic medications.16
Western medicine comes out of the Hippocratic tradition, which granted rights to the treating physician on the basis of the long-held belief that the physician would unselfishly and professionally act in the best interests of the patient.17-20 Twentieth century medicine, based on earlier historical developments in the United States, emphasized the rights of patients. This concept was strongly stimulated by the Nuremberg trials in 1946. The term “informed consent” was first used in a medical malpractice trial in 1957.17 Even if minors cannot legally provide consent to solidify trust and openness, clinicians should make sure that their patient understands the treatment options and agrees to the choices.18
It is vital that the patient consents to the treatment or he may sabotage the treatment, refuse to take the recommended medication(s), and weaken the critical therapeutic alliance. Principles of confidentiality must be clearly established and continuously followed for the benefit of all involved—the pediatric patient, his parents/caregivers, and the psychiatrist.19,20 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) rules must be followed21; however, confidentiality is not absolute, and the clinician’s judgment is important.
Adherence-enhancing techniques
Intermittent evaluation of the clinician-patient conversation (ie, the nature of the conversation versus specific therapy) is important and will improve adherence.22 Antagonistic actions, such as coercion and compulsion, can have long-lasting, disastrous results on the therapeutic alliance.23 Understanding the patient and his motivations for using or not using a medication is important in devising strategies to ameliorate fragile medication adherence.24 Patient education is a key factor in motivating depressed adults to feel better about themselves; the same strat-egy can be used for adolescents.25
New technology (eg, answering questions via e-mail), embraced by most youths, is a powerful communication tool.26 Young patients are often forgetful; thus, strategies such as texting reminders can improve medication adherence.27
Inevitably, conflicts arise between the adolescent and the treating clinician—conflicts between adolescents and society have been noted for thousands of years and are not necessarily pathological.29 Plato (427 bc to 347 bc), the great classical philosopher and mathematician, said, “The son feels equal to his father, he has no respect for his parents anymore . . . all he wants to be is free . . . students insult their teachers . . . and on top of this situation, in the name of liberty and equality, sex is everywhere!”30 This master philosopher was simply articulating a classic, yet dour, description of normal, yet inevitable, aspects of adolescence.
CASE VIGNETTES
John, an 11-year-old with ADHD, is readmitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit because of impulsive behaviors that “do not respond to treatment.” His family reports that medications work well in the beginning but soon after they “lose power,” which leads to relapse. On the unit, John is uncooperative, angry, and agitated; does not follow directions; and gets into fights with other patients. He is given a stimulant he had not tried before, and he shows a spectacular improvement. He becomes helpful to staff and his fellow patients to the point that he gets the title of “honorary mental health worker.” Discharge plans involve returning home in 48 hours. On the day before discharge, John begins to exhibit the same type of behaviors that brought him to the unit. These behaviors are initially interpreted as decreased medication effectiveness, and the dose is increased. On the day of discharge, the behaviors become so impulsive that John needs quiet time.
How could it be that such initially spectacular improvement faded away so quickly?
***
Angela, a 12-year-old with ADHD, is on a regimen of a long-acting stimulant in the morning and a short-acting stimulant in the afternoon to help her complete her homework. This regimen has worked well for many months. The child of divorced parents, Angela spends part of the week with her father and part with her mother. She feels very good about taking her medication. However, for the past several weeks, Angela’s performance at school has declined because she has not handed in some of her homework. This has led to an increase in the dose of the short-acting stimulant in the afternoon, which consequently has caused insomnia. Psychotherapeutic work was started to help Angela overcome some oppositional behavior toward certain teachers.
What made a long-stable situation suddenly worsen?
Treatment failures in both cases are related to nonadherence. In John’s case, even when confined to the psychiatric unit, he still managed to avoid taking medication. He had become close to his “fellow” mental health workers, so when they confronted him with the possibility that he may not have been taking his medication, he opened up and shared that he felt “stupid and ashamed” to have to take medicine. This was supportively addressed in the inpatient setting for 2 days and followed up by the outpatient psychiatrist, with good results and improved outcome.
Angela, as it turns out, was cared for by a maternal grandmother on certain days who “did not believe” in medication and would not administer the short-acting stimulant on days that coincided with math and history homework—the two subjects Angela was failing. Once the grandmother was involved in the treatment effort and offered education as well as support, she resolved her opposition to medications and Angela returned to her usual good level of functioning.
