The author expresses his appreciation to Nassir Ghaemi, MD, and Jim Phelps, MD, for their suggested modifications of the original mnemonic. The present version represents the author's own conclusions, however.
References:
1. Pies R. The "softer" end of the bipolar spectrum. J Psychiatr Pract. 2002;8:189-195.
2. Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(suppl 1):4S-14S.
3. Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. The bipolar spectrum and the antidepressant view of the world. J Psychiatr Pract. 2001;7:287-297.
4. Benazzi F, Akiskal H. Irritable-hostile depression: further validation as a bipolar depressive mixed state. J Affect Disord. 2005;84:197-207.
5. Manning JS. Difficult-to-treat depressions: a primary care perspective. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64 (suppl 1): 24-31.
6. Thase ME. Bipolar depression: issues in diagnosis and treatment. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2005;13:257-271.
7. Albanese MJ, Pies R. The bipolar patient with comorbid substance use disorder: recognition and management. CNS Drugs. 2004;18:585-596.
8. Chaudron LH, Pies RW. The relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:1284-1292.
9. Pies R. A new mnemonic for bipolar depression. Current Psychiatry. In press.
10. Mitchell PB, Wilhelm K, Parker G, et al. The clinical features of bipolar depression: a comparison with matched major depressive disorder patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:212-216.
11. Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS. Bipolar II vs unipolar depression: psychopathologic differentiation by dimensional measures. J Affect Disord. 2005;84:127-132.
12. Berk M, Berk L, Moss K, et al. Diagnosing bipolar disorder: how can we do it better? Med J Aust. 2006;184: 459-462.
13. Mundo E, Walker M, Cate T, et al. The role of serotonin transporter protein gene in antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: preliminary finals. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:539-544.
14. Ghaemi SN. Mood Disorders: A Practical Guide. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003:13.
15. Phelps JR, Ghaemi SN. Improving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: predictive value of screening tests. J Affect Disord. 2006;92:141-148.
16. Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1873-1875.
17. Calabrese JR, Keck PE Jr, Macfadden W, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I or II depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1351-1360.