Causal Explanations that Suggest How to Change Phobic stimuli lead to avoidance that creates distress Thoughts determine behavior and emotion Interpersonal schemas can interfere with interpersonal functioning Symptoms represent once-adaptive behavior carried forward into the present Boundary problems cause psychological distress Reinforcers control behavior Systemic dynamics control individual and group behavior Human development creates psychological instability Personal futures can cause problems in the present Brain biochemical abnormalities cause problematic thinking, emotions and behaviorSource: B. Beitman, M.D. 1994.