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A most pronounced characteristic of the cases seen early in their illness is the profusion with which new symptoms appear and disappear. As time goes on, without treatment, a more stabilized syndrome crystallizes.

Those who have worked with combat veterans know that they are a group of patients who require a special degree of honesty and compassion. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 18.0 million veterans living in the United States, 17% of whom are women.2 In addition, at any given day, 1.4 million men and women serve on active duty, along with 718,000 civilian personnel. Another 1.1 million Americans serve in the 

. It is estimated that 7% of the US population has military experience, which is 

. Among post-9/11 veterans, 43% have a service-connected disability,

 perhaps related to the fact so few in modern society (less than 1%) serve in the all-volunteer military, requiring citizen-soldiers and their families to carry the burden.

Unfortunately, institutions charged with caring for veterans are often unhelpful. The Veteran’s Administration’s (VA) lack of transparency is a significant handicap for veterans and family members seeking treatment and explanations for their mental illnesses. Researchers, clinicians, and journalists are unable to find answers to important questions about the impact of war on veterans and their families. How many post-9/11 veterans have been diagnosed and/or treated for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? How many veterans have been diagnosed with any other mental health-related condition?

It is hard to say. The VA’s annual reports on Analysis of VA Health Care Utilization Among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operational Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dan (OND) Veterans, stopped being publicly available in 2016. Nevertheless, based on 2015 data, we can say that over a million post-9/11 veterans are using VA healthcare, and mental disorders are prevalent in this population (

 Aside from the fact the data are outdated, the data also captures only those veterans going to the VA. The VA does not keep track of those seeking counseling from the 360 veteran centers across the country

; nor those who seek help through the private sector; nor the largest subset of veterans and military personnel who suffer silently. Of course, there are multiple millions of family members and caregivers within the military population, those critical for the military veteran, are not covered for any services.

Differences in the Treatment of Military Versus Non-Military Populations

Psychiatric Casualties: How and Why the Military Ignores the Full Cost of War

 we were asked to opine on what clinicians should know about treating military populations (

read an introduction to Dr Russell and Dr Figley’s book 

.). First and foremost, while it is true that war changes everyone, it is also a great disservice to assume that most or all citizen-soldiers who served in the military and/or deployed to war zones, are fatally damaged goods. Going to war often signifies both the best and worst of times for veterans. Military populations offer fertile ground for studies on resilience and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among specialties within the service branches.

On the flip side, it is important not to view evidence of resilience or PTG as indicating an absence of mental or physical health-related problems. Another potential mistake is to assume that current or former military personnel must have suffered war trauma, and that is the primary or sole issue that leads them to seek mental health services. In reality, the all-voluntary military faces a wide-range of potential traumatic stressors that are inherent occupational hazards including combat, training accidents, transportation accidents, terrorist attacks, military sexual trauma, victims of crime, natural disasters, humanitarian relief missions, peace-keeping missions, along with other common stressors in the civilian sector (ie, domestic violence, childhood abuse, motor vehicle accidents, betrayal trauma, racial trauma, etc). The wise clinician is alert to the fact that even if a service member is a combat veteran, their distress will likely be a combination of factors, not just a product of combat experiences.

Next, clinicians should be sensitive to a host of risk factors and trauma-related conditions that are not entirely unique to military populations. Like police, federal and state law enforcement, and related professions, combat veterans, may deal with 1) the psychological impact of killing or seeing others killed; 2) having been wounded-in-the line of duty; 3) exposure to the presence of traumatic grief and complicated bereavement of fellow officers or from the death of a loved one, including one’s combat buddies; 4) moral injury from participating or witnessing killings, legal or otherwise; 5) intense survivor guilt, 6) co-occurring traumatic brain injury or phantom limb pain in amputees; 7) posttraumatic anger and sense of betrayal trauma; 8) handling of human remains; 9) being a prisoner-of-war by war enemy, drug cartel, or a political party; 10) chronic pain conditions; 11) opioid misuse; and 12) secondary trauma and compassion fatigue.

Similarly, war has taught us time and again that human beings have manifest traumatic stress injuries. These injuries cross a spectrum of possible conditions, and that diagnosis like PTSD represents only a sliver of possible afflictions.

 Historically, war or other traumatic stress injuries are often divided into 2 broad classifications: 1) neuropsychiatric conditions that consists of the culturally accepted diagnostic labels of the day such as PTSD, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, neurocognitive disorders, eating disorders, sexual disorders, personality disorders, and others, and 2) medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) which include chronic fatigue, headaches, chronic pain, atypical cardiac symptoms, idiopathic seizures, autoimmune conditions, and others.

In the 21st century, the Department of Veterans Affairs 

, “such as chronic pain and fatigue, are common in the general and military veteran populations” and that “Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Fibromyalgia (FM) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are among the most commonly diagnosed medically unexplained conditions.” However, there are far more potential MUPS diagnoses. These include noncardiac chest pain, pseudo seizures, multiple chemical sensitivity. Other studies on MUPS in the current war cohort indicate a high frequency of somatic complaints (

 Additionally, OEF/OIF veterans with and without a diagnosed mental health condition were treated in the VA for 222 types of MUPS.

As many clinicians are aware, somatic complaints are often considered a cultural idiom of distress.

 This is particularly true with military populations whereby stigma and fear of career reprisal can be so oppressive. The career-related stress makes it more likely to complain of headaches, back pain, and sleep problems as opposed to emotional symptoms.

Common Obstacles Military Populations Face to Receive Proper Mental Health Care

By far, the biggest obstacle that current and future military populations face regarding mental health care is the pattern of a sustained, self-inflicted mental health crises plaguing generations of Americans and society since World War I.

 These largely preventable catastrophes are caused primarily by chronic neglect and lack of accountability by the military and its government. Our most 

 noted 10 foundational lessons of war trauma identified by every military cohort since WWI. These lessons are essential to meeting the wartime mental health needs:

1) Recognizing that war inevitably causes large numbers of legitimate spectrum of war stress injury;

2) Adequate research, planning, and preparation are indispensable during both war and peace;

3) A large cadre of well-trained behavioral health specialists is compulsory during times of war and peace;

4) A holistic, public health approach to war stress injuries necessitates close collaboration with the private sector along with full mental health parity; 

5) Effective mental health services demand the empowered leadership of an independent, unified, organizational structure, a behavioral Health Corps, providing integrated, well-coordinated continuity of care equal to medical services;

6) Elimination of mental health stigma, barriers to care, and disparity should be a priority for leadership, as it directly affects individuals, families, and military readiness;

7) Ensure ready access to high-quality mental health services, including definitive care prior to military separation or discharge;

8) Families must receive adequate mental health and social support during and after military service;

9) Accurate, regular monitoring and reporting are crucial for timely, effective, management of mental health needs; and,

10) Robust dedicated mental health “lessons learned” policy and programs are integral to meeting present and future needs and prevent crises.

Despite being learned again at the end of every war, these lessons have not substantially improved veterans’ care. Perhaps the best evidence that little progress has been made comes from a Department of Defense (DOD) Task Force on Mental Health. In 2007 it identified

A single finding underpinning all others: The Military Health System lacks the fiscal resources and fully trained personal to fulfill its mission to support psychological health in PEACETIME or fulfill the enhanced requirements imposed during times of conflict (p. ES2).

The time for action is now. The human and financial costs of un-addressed problems will rise dramatically over time. Our nation learned this lesson, at a tragic cost, in the years following the Vietnam War. Fully investing in prevention, early intervention, and effective treatment are responsibilities incumbent upon us as we endeavor to fulfill our obligation to our military service members. 

This is a stirring plea for action, but the DOD offers no concrete proposal on where to start, or a sense of when we will know when it is enough. Without concrete proposals and ongoing commitment to investing in prevention, early intervention, and effective treatments, pleas like this one will remain empty.

Have we learned our lessons? More than 6 years into a shooting war, 99 urgent recommendations were made by the DOD task force, all reflecting neglect of the military’s well-documented centuries of “lessons learned.” The media, Congress, and Commander-in-Chiefs alike still have not met their responsibilities to investigate the reasons for gross negligence that harm countless members of the military population for this and future generations.

From our vantage point, the military is positioned in a unique leadership role within the broader society. It could inspire other leaders to step up, be accountable, and finally call for ending the stigma surrounding the mental health of its members. The question remains: why has the US government and its military refused to learn its war trauma lessons and what concrete actions are necessary to end the generational cycle of neglect and crises?

is a retired US Navy Commander and military clinical psychologist with more than 26 years of military service

is the Paul Henry Kurzweg, MD, Distinguished Chair in Disaster Mental Health at Tulane University and founder and director of the Tulane 

Those who served: America’s veterans from World War II to the War on Terror

. US Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. June 2020. Accessed September 15, 2021. 

Analysis of VA health care utilization among Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans, from 1st Qtr FY 2002 through 3rd Qtr FY 2015

 (October 1, 2001—June 30, 2015). June 2015. Accessed September 15, 2021. 

5. Russell MC, Figley CR. Generational wartime behavioral health crises: Part one of a preliminary analysis. 

6. Hoge CW, Terhakopian A, Castro CA, et al. 

Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans.

Medical care needs of returning veterans with PTSD: their other burden.

Idioms of distress among trauma survivors: subtypes and clinical utility.

9. Russell MC, Figley CR. Investigating recurrent generational wartime behavioral health crises: Part two of a preliminary analysis. 

10. Russell MC, Figley CR, Robertson KR. Investigating the psychiatric lessons of war and pattern of preventable wartime behavioral health crises

. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science

11. Arthur D, MacDermid S, Kiley K, et al. 

An achievable vision: report of the Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health

. Department of Defense Task Force on Mental Health. Defense Health Board. June 2007. Accessed September 15, 2021. 

What psychiatric illnesses are most prevalent among veterans? And how can clinicians help them overcome obstacles to care?  

Treatment of Military Populations

The 9 months of pregnancy evoke a multitude of emotions for the mother carrying the "angelic parasite". Expectant mothers are mindful that morning sickness is quite common, but it does not deter them from keeping their eye on the prize. However, intractable vomiting during pregnancy, also known as 

(HG) is a condition that can have deleterious psychological and physiological effects in the form of depression, anxiety, significant weight loss (>5% of original body weight), and dehydration.

I have witnessed firsthand the impact HG can have on a mother’s well-being. My wife, Jennifer, experienced this condition all throughout her pregnancy. As a spouse, I attempted to comfort her as best I could but, at times, felt helpless. During the pregnancy she lost more than 30 pounds, and she required several hospitalizations. It was difficult, at moments, to find any silver linings that would help alleviate fears we had about her quality of life and the angelic parasite in her womb. Thankfully, with the help of a multidisciplinary medical team and a support system consisting of family and friends, my wife’s health improved. The ability to take a shower, brush her teeth, and enjoy a sip of water was rejuvenating.

Our daughter, Claire, now 2.5 years old, was born without any complications. She is the blessing that keeps on giving. It is important to remember that not everyone has a happy ending in the case of HG. This population is often stigmatized due to practitioner bias and skepticism regarding severity of symptoms. I encourage the medical community to realize the gravity of this condition, which is associated with increase rates of termination of pregnancy and suicidal ideation.

I have written a poem dedicated to my wife and all the women who have experienced hyperemesis gravidarum. I hope and pray that it fosters reflection.

White porcelain welcomes two feeble disturbed patellae into their familiar position.

Exhausted cranium searches her way toward the bowl that yeans for a day without chartreuse liquid.

Listless larynx sighs to the angelic parasite: 3 months

White porcelain welcomes mammoth tears that plead for comic relief while in the wilderness.

Calloused stained appendages engulf a seat pleading for casual gluteal conversation.

Delirious heart sighs to the angelic parasite: 6 months

White porcelain welcomes famished countenance that no longer sees its reflection.

Nauseated hair follicles produce repugnance that penetrates the deflated soul.

Malnourished colors skeletons sighs to the angelic parasite: 9 months.

is associate professor at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine - Greenville and medical director and division chief for Adult Inpatient and Consult-Liaison Services for the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine at Prisma Health - Upstate. He served on the American Psychiatric Association’s Task Force to Address Structural Racism Throughout Psychiatry, and he currently serves as the Diversity and Inclusion section editor and advisory board member for

A personal reflection on the psychological impact of hyperemesis gravidarum. 

Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Ode to Its Psychological Impact 

Alzheimer disease (AD) remains one of the most dreaded diagnoses a patient can get. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raised hopes when it approved aducanumab, which promised to be the first disease-modifying drug for AD. But the approval immediately proved controversial. Three FDA board members 

 its patient label, and in mid-July, major hospitals announced that they would not administer the 

, Helen Lavretsky, MD, MS clarifies the issues in the aducanumab debate and offers guidance for clinicians whose patients may ask about it. Going beyond pharmacology, she points out that other treatment options, including mind-body interventions and diet changes, have been shown to slow AD’s progression.

Advice for talking to patients and caregivers about aducanumab and other novel pharmacological options

Mind-body and lifestyle interventions for AD

AD prevention programs, including nutrition, exercise, and stress reduction

Taking care of caregivers, including psychiatrists and other medical professionals

is a professor in-residence in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her work on geriatric depression and integrative mental health using mind-body interventions has received national attention, and she has won numerous grants supporting that work. A distinguished fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and a fellow of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, she is also on the board of 

Although the new drug aducanumab has grabbed all the headlines, the future of Alzheimer treatment may be just as much about public health campaigns as it is about psychopharmacology. In this episode of Psych Pearls, we find out why.   

What Will the Future of Alzheimer Disease Treatment Look Like? 

It is not new for viruses to have both mental and physical health consequences. 

 is a notable example in recent times, with 38 million individuals currently living with the virus and an estimated 35 million who have died from AIDS-related illnesses.

 As many as half of people living with HIV have at least 

 Today, after more than a year since the pandemic started, the magnitude of the public health impact of the current COVID-19 crisis is not yet fully appreciated, but it will be significant, with more than 

 and counting globally at the time of this writing.

The effects of COVID-19 are expected to last for a long time, with evidence for persistent and/or delayed 

 It has been observed that as many as three-fourths of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 had 

at least 1 ongoing symptom 6 months after 

 and 30% of patients, even those with mild illness, have reported 

persistent symptoms for as long as 9 months

 These long-term consequences include mental health issues, with 

 having persistent neurological and/or psychiatric consequences.

This recognized phase of prolonged illness, referred to by a variety of names including long COVID-19, long-haul COVID-19, and postacute COVID-19, has been recently designated by the National Institutes of Health as 

post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Although COVID-19 had initially been most notorious for causing respiratory pathology, with the most vulnerable patients progressing to 

 with an underlying etiology still to be determined but possibly involving dysregulated immune response, inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and/or cellular damage from the virus.

 Although variable in presentation, PASC most commonly involves a constellation of symptoms (

 range from mild to disabling with significant effects on quality of life, even in patients whose acute course of illness was mild or who were previously healthy and active.

We have much to learn about PASC, due to the multiorgan system effects and the heterogeneity of symptoms in patients who 

. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, a patient care, teaching, and research affiliate of Harvard Medical School in Boston, has recently launched the Critical Illness and COVID-19 Survivorship Program. The program aims to integrate care among pulmonary, critical care, sleep medicine, psychiatry, cognitive neurology, neurology, geriatrics, social work, and physical and occupational therapy clinicians. Although the cases differ, 3 deidentified vignettes demonstrate the core themes for patients presenting with PASC who are referred to psychiatry through the new program.

“Alma,” a woman aged 45 years, presents with a history of hypertension and a 4-week intensive care unit (ICU) stay due to acute respiratory failure, prolonged intubation, and paralysis after contracting COVID-19. Alma’s ICU stay was complicated by a course of delirium. She had been discharged home from a rehabilitation center more than 6 months prior to her appointment.

She has been referred for ongoing symptoms of 

 (PTSD) related to her ICU stay, significantly impaired sleep, and depressed mood. Additionally, Alma continues to struggle with ongoing memory and focus concerns, shortness of breath, and difficulty with weakness. Her cognitive and physical symptoms have improved, but they remain impairing.

The Mental Health Impacts of ICU Admissions

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, it had been increasingly recognized that survivors of ICU admissions commonly experience 

long-term physical, psychological, and cognitive impairments

 that adversely impact their quality of life.

 This group of multisystem impairments is referred to as post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). More than 50% of survivors of acute respiratory syndrome suffer from at least 1 feature of PICS a year after their ICU stay.

 are well characterized and persistent manifestations of PICS.

 The differences in characterization and etiologies between PICS and the independent influence of COVID-19 is not yet understood.

After contracting COVID-19, “John,” a man aged 70 years with a history of asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and major depression, was hospitalized for 4 days due to low oxygen levels, which required treatment with steroids.

John presents 3 months after hospitalization with worsening depression, insomnia, breathlessness, and related anxiety. His mood is also influenced by frustration with obstacles in restarting home health services. Due to a lack of assistance, it has been difficult for John to keep up with his many follow-up appointments or go to the pharmacy to pick up medications and other medical supplies. He reports being quite lonely and has not seen his out-of-state family for many months.

Identifying Predisposing Risk Factors for PASC

The outcomes for an individual after contracting COVID-19 will depend not only on the direct influence of the virus, but also on predisposing risk factors (ie, 

preexisting health conditions, socioeconomic factors

), the way their body responds to fighting off the virus (immune activation and/or dysregulation), and iatrogenic complications (ie, adverse effects of such medications as steroids and sedatives; hospital-acquired infections). Additionally, issues arise related to recovering from the virus, which include the onus of having been ill, concern about infecting loved ones, and obstacles in having day-to-day needs met. The 

 due to the pandemic, impacting ability to obtain care for health conditions or engage in preventative care, also are likely to play a role in health outcomes.

 are important risk factors and drive negative health outcomes, especially in older adults.

“Susan” is a woman, aged 40 years, with a prior episode of major depression that had been in remission and mild attention-deficit symptoms that had been well controlled. She presents more than 7 months after contracting COVID-19.

During her acute course, she struggled with fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, fatigue, and anosmia. Susan was evaluated in the emergency department due to the severity of her symptoms, but she did not require hospitalization. She has had persistent symptoms of breathlessness, profound fatigue, difficulty with concentration and memory, 

, and difficulty performing the duties of her job, which she has held for many years. She is referred for growing depression and feelings of hopelessness.

Symptoms of Lower Severity, but High Persistence

This clinical presentation—a patient who is younger, previously healthy, with milder acute COVID-19 symptoms and persistently impairing symptoms longitudinally—is often referred to as long COVID-19. Earlier in the pandemic, 

this clinical presentation was not fully recognized

 and, indeed, sometimes ignored or discounted.

Long COVID-19 challenges clinicians more than ever to listen to patients and break down the false dichotomy between mental and physical health. The experience of feeling trivialized and frustrated by an overemphasis on the psychological components of illness has been shared by 

 such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in early 2000s and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012.

 It also has been a common experience in patients diagnosed with 

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

 (ME/CFS), a complex and disabling illness with features that overlap those of long COVID-19.

The presentation of neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19 are heterogeneous, and to some extent they may reflect variable and multifactorial causes. The 

 by patients, clinicians, and society alike of psychogenic vs organic, psychological vs physiological, functional vs neurological, are all overly simplified and represent 

antiquated views of the brain-body connection

 Breaking down long-standing silos in health care through the use of integrated multidisciplinary teams will be critical to finding more effective treatments. Bridging this divide is urgent, not only to understand and treat the consequences of this pandemic, but also to face the 

longstanding issue of mental health stigmatization

 that serves as an enduring barrier to patients seeking care for their mental health.

 Patients with PASC are at risk of mental health consequences, whether it be from the direct consequence of the virus, indirect consequences of quarantine and the pandemic, exacerbation of preexisting conditions, and/or ongoing challenges of coping with a new, poorly understood, chronic illness.

Issues to Consider in Treatment and Recovery

Many patients slowly recover with supportive measures and symptomatic treatment.

 Much of the initial recovery recommendations focus on physical rehabilitation and support. There are not yet formalized standards of care in treatment of depression and other mental health concerns in PASC. Notably, some patients with PASC may struggle with symptoms of dysautonomia such as persistent tachycardia and/or vulnerability to orthostasis, which may diminish tolerability to some psychotropic medications.

A number of patients with long COVID-19, similar to patients with ME/CFS, have 

 Therefore, pushing themselves to exercise beyond an identified energy envelope may be counterproductive and, in fact, propagate crash-and-burn cycles.

 For that reason, care must be taken in suggesting exercise, an otherwise recommended lifestyle intervention for improving stress, depression, cognition, and insomnia.

In addition to our standard treatments for depression, anxiety, and PTSD, there are some emerging areas of interest. Breathing exercises have been a recommendation of post–COVID-19 clinics and have benefited patients who have persistent feelings of breathlessness. 

, a breathing program, is available online and has been utilized by patients with long COVID-19.

 Respiratory rehabilitation has been suggested, especially when complemented by 

 (ie, tai chi, qigong) that combine conscious breathing in coordination with body movement.

, a form of yoga that combines breathing with humming, has also been recommended, not only because it can be calming, but because it may enhance nitric oxide expression.

 have long been compelling for patients with ME/CFS, but heterogeneity in studies and small sample sizes limit our evidence base.

 There are not yet systematic studies of mind-body interventions in PASC. Of note, 

 provided some relief for survivors of SARS when they did not find adequate support from standard health care.

 has been an important element in the fight against COVID-19.

 The COVID Symptom Study captures and analyzes daily symptom tracking in millions of app users in the United States and United Kingdom.

 It recently provided insight into long COVID-19, identifying the strongest predictor for ongoing illness as having

apps are likely to play an important role in complementing mental health treatment

, allowing for real-time measurement-based care, shared decision-making, and enhanced therapeutic alliances.

We are only just beginning to understand COVID-19 and its consequences. It will take multiyear studies to elucidate long-term sequelae and to understand how to best help patients. Also, this virus has further elucidated the 

inequities in our society and in health care

 Although this has been a time of tribulation, it is also a time that presents an opportunity to understand the trajectory of biological, psychological, and socioeconomic outcomes that will allow us to move toward eroding the stagnancy of mind-body dualism and breaking down siloed care. It also presents the opportunity to find more satisfying outcomes and improved quality of life for those with chronic illnesses.

is a geriatric psychiatrist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and an instructor at Harvard Medical School. She is the consulting psychiatrist for the BIDMC Critical Illness and COVID-19 Survivorship Program.

 is Stanley Cobb Professor and Academic Head of Psychiatry at Beth Israel Medical Center and Harvard Medical School.

1. Global statistics. HIV.gov. Updated November 25, 2020. Accessed May 24, 2021. 

https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics

2. Yehia BR, Stephens-Shield AJ, Momplaisir F, et al. 

Health outcomes of HIV-infected people with mental illness

An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time

4. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. 

6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study

6. Logue JK, Franko NM, McCulloch DJ, et al. 

Sequelae in adults at 6 months after COVID-19 infection

7. Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. 

6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records

8. Collins FS. NIH launches new initiative to study ‘long COVID.’ National Institutes of Health. February 23, 2021. Accessed May 24, 2021. 

https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/nih-launches-new-initiative-study-long-covid

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

10. Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, et al. 

Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19

11. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A’Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. 

Management of post-acute Covid-19 in primary care

12. Marra A, Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, et al. 

Co-occurrence of post-intensive care syndrome problems among 406 survivors of critical illness

Aging and post-intensive care syndrome: a critical need for geriatric psychiatry

14. Wright A, Salazar A, Mirica M, et al. 

The invisible epidemic: neglected chronic disease management during COVID-19

Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: review and commentary of a national academies report

16. Ladds E, Rushforth A, Wieringa S, et al. 

1 in 3 COVID-19 survivors experience persistent consequences. What can psychiatry do to help?  

Psychosomatics

Treatment of Military Populations

Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Ode to Its Psychological Impact

What Will the Future of Alzheimer Disease Treatment Look Like?

Developing a Collaborative Approach to Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

COVID-19 Mental Health Long Haulers

New Approaches and Considerations to Cancer and Suicide

Exploring the Epigenetic Paradigm Shift

Tips for Lithium Dosing for Optimal Renal Safety

A Pioneer of Psychosomatic Medicine

Helping LGBTQ Youth During the Pandemic