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Nidal Moukaddam, MD, PhD
Roberto D. Sanchez, DO; Benjamin Li, MD; Nidal Moukaddam, MD, PhD
A patient, faced with a lung cancer diagnosis and the fear of death, goes through the stages of grief. How can you as clinicians lead them through?
TALES FROM THE CLINIC
In this installment of Tales From the Clinic: The Art of Psychiatry, we follow a psycho-oncology case of lung cancer, compounded by depressive and anxiety symptoms. Faced with fear of death, individuals go through stages of grief, as described by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, MD, in 1969. This discussion highlights the psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and diagnostic considerations of this comorbidity.
Case Study
“Mr Arnold” is a 67-year-old retired teacher with no past psychiatric or medical history. He was referred to a psychiatry clinic for sadness and anxiety shortly after being diagnosed with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lower lobe of the left lung. The devastating diagnosis caught Mr Arnold off guard just months into his retirement, as the only symptoms he experienced were cough and progressive fatigue. Besides these complaints, he had no past medical issues, always stayed committed to a healthy lifestyle, and underwent regular screenings and physical exams. Mr Arnold did not have any history of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, or any other substance use. He felt numb when he first heard the diagnosis because he was overwhelmed with a range of strong emotions: disbelief, anger, fear, anxiety, and sadness. Mr Arnold’s retirement plan now had to be put on hold so he could focus on cancer treatment. He had already suffered tremendous grief a few years earlier after the loss of his wife of 30 years to cancer. This time, he was traumatized by
Nidal Moukaddam, MD, PhD
Roberto D. Sanchez, DO; Benjamin Li, MD; Nidal Moukaddam, MD, PhD
During the initial visit to the psychiatry clinic, he complained predominantly of fear of death, hopelessness, insomnia, social isolation, anger, guilt, and worry for his girlfriend if the treatment fails: “What will she do without me? Who will take care of her after I die?” Mirtazapine was started to target depression, anxiety, poor sleep, and low appetite; however, Mr Arnold found the medication too sedating. Sertraline was subsequently started and was much more tolerable and helpful with alleviation of anxiety and depression.
He was started on chemotherapy and radiation treatment soon after diagnosis. During the early stages of
The Stages of Grief
Lung cancer is second only to breast cancer in prevalence. Older adults with lung cancer face a range of challenging issues, including demoralization,
For Mr Arnold, it was hard to imagine a worse time for him to receive the news of this devastating diagnosis because, after decades of working hard, he had been looking forward to spending the post-retirement years traveling. Like other patients, Mr Arnold found himself in shock (the denial/shock stages of grief). He now had to face the dreadful transition from anticipating years with joyful activities to navigating the uncharted waters of a deadly illness and difficult treatment. Mr Arnold experienced demoralization similar to Erik Erikson’s concept of despair in the final stage of one’s life, where he partially felt regret over the life he had lived and the feeling of
Compared to other malignancies, lung cancer is associated with a higher rate of mortality and symptom burden, which can cause serious psychological suffering. Facing a terminal illness, Mr Arnold felt devastated and in despair; he now believed he had only a slim chance of being able to do the meaningful things that he had worked and planned for all his life (ie, traveling around the world). Although he reflected on the life he had lived with pride, having raised 2 successful children, he felt regret for not doing enough of what he felt would have brought him happiness (the depression stage of grief). During the course of his cancer treatment, Mr Arnold constantly found himself in a tug of war between hope for a full recovery (so he could travel) and, in his words, “make peace” (achieving ego integrity, the bargaining stage of
Reflecting on his life, Mr Arnold felt that being diagnosed with lung cancer was unfair for him since he never had medical problems and had been committed to a healthy lifestyle (the anger stage of grief). He never smoked tobacco, drank alcohol, or abused any substance. Like most lung cancer patients, Mr Arnold was diagnosed when the cancer was in the late stage because his early symptoms—dry cough and fatigue—were nonspecific and dismissed without further work-up. He also reported feeling guilty about the possibility of becoming a burden on his girlfriend, who herself had chronic conditions.
During his first visit with psychiatry, Mr Arnold reiterated tearfully that he had saved money all his life for retirement and planned to travel extensively in the last meaningful years of his life. The addition of psychotherapy was essential in guiding the patient through the stages of grief. Although lung cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in men,3 it is essential to help patients realize that many cancer occurrences do not lead to death (the acceptance stage of grief). He was psychologically tormented by the
As the lung cancer treatment progressed, Mr Arnold started to worry more about his financial situation since his retirement savings were quickly depleted by medical bills. He felt resentful that a significant portion of his retirement savings was now drained, and he could not help his girlfriend. Alleviating the burden of treatment in this situation was integral to improving the patient’s anxiety and depression. Considerations for patients in this situation include
Pharmacological Considerations
Screening for depression among patients with lung cancer can be tricky as multiple confounding factors present as neurovegetative symptoms, mostly related to the cancer and its treatment; for example, low energy, poor appetite, decreased motivation, loss of interest, and decreased concentration. Research has shown that the level of distress experienced by lung cancer patients is not correlated with the type or stage of cancer, but that individuals with
The best management of lung cancer and treatment distress requires early and comprehensive care coordination involving a multidisciplinary team to address physical suffering, spiritual needs, psychosocial stressors, nutritional needs, and psychological suffering. The goal is to provide adequate control of physical symptoms, psychosocial support, and management of anxiety and depression.5
Here, Mr Arnold started taking
Because of fatigue, depression, and anxiety, Mr Arnold notably lost interest in his routine activities. For the treatment of fatigue, he needed only conservative care such as physical therapy and energy conservation; no pharmacological intervention was required. During the course of
The depression symptoms that were considered markers of depression response include feeling hopeless/helpless or unmotivated, easy crying, irritability, self-blaming, social isolation, and mood/affect change. The patient’s quality of life and other meaningful elements of his life were also important to consider when following up on the treatment of depression and anxiety. Helping the patient’s mood serves a dual purpose, both as a success in mental health treatment and a way to improve the patient’s immune system and improve adherence to the lengthy cancer treatment program.
Concluding Thoughts
When evaluating anxiety among patients with lung cancer, it is also important to distinguish physiologically based dyspnea and anxiety from a psychological state.
Mr Arnold’s anxiety could have started with a respiratory deficit, but it was later exacerbated by the fear of death, catastrophizing, as well as feeling hopeless and helpless. Besides the psychological trauma, going through 20 months of radiation and chemotherapy was an ordeal for Mr Arnold, as he struggled with poor quality of life due to severe pain induced by the treatment. Because pain is a multidimensional and complex experience, it was imperative to explore the psychospiritual dimension of his suffering during follow-up visits. Discussing his pain, fear, concern, loss of autonomy, and dignity helped relieve Mr Arnold’s distress. Fortunately, he was not reluctant to talk about these concerns.
With a good response to the cancer treatment, Mr Arnold’s grieving mostly resolved after successfully completing his treatment, with residual intermittent anxiety of disease recurrence.
Dr Le is assistant professor, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Director of Community Psychiatry Clinics at the Harris Health System, Houston, Texas. Dr Khan is Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
References
1. Siwik CJ, Phillips K, Zimmaro L, et al.
2. Ketcher D, Otto AK, Vadaparampil ST, et al.
3. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al.
4. Sullivan DR, Ganzini L, Duckart JP, et al.
5. Ester M, Culos-Reed SN, Abdul-Razzak A, et al.
6. Zhang H, Xu H, Tang Q, Bi F.
7. Jarvis CA, Bonney PA, Yuan E, et al.
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