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The horrific mass school shooting in Uvalde, Texas, is the deadliest such shooting at an American school in nearly a decade.

 A mass shooting is frequently defined as a single attack in a public place, in which 4 or more victims were killed. Sadly, there are few reasons to believe that the frequency of such tragedies will decline anytime soon. On the contrary, unless a wide range of contributing factors change, there are compelling reasons to expect more mass shootings in the US, some of which will target schools.

The reasons for this rather gloomy prediction are detailed below. It is not my intent to dissect the specific details of the Uvalde shooting or to speculate on the psychology or motives of the shooter; but rather, to provide a framework for understanding why the US seems caught in an endless, repeating loop of gun-related carnage.

1. There is an almost inexhaustible supply of marginalized, emotionally disturbed, rage-filled young men in this country

Since 1982, at least 123 mass shootings have been carried out in the US by male shooters, versus 3 by females.

 I will say more about the gender issue and its cultural roots presently. According to psychology professor 

, most of the perpetrators of K-12 shootings are under the age of 18.

And while there is no single psychological or demographic profile that can proactively identify likely school shooters, there are some general features school shooters tend to share, such as profound feelings of rejection and a history of having been bullied. Many shooters also display a fascination with guns and/or a preoccupation with violence.

There is no credible, clinically-based evidence that mass shooters, as a group, are psychotic or delusional when carrying out their violence.

 Furthermore, blaming “mental illness” for school shootings stigmatizes those with clinically-diagnosed psychiatric disorders, who are rarely violent when adequately treated.

 That said, Kowalski and her colleagues found that more than half of K-12 shooters had a history of “psychological problems” of various sorts.

2. Handguns are easily obtainable in the US, and are often poorly-secured by family members. 

Though the Uvalde shooter apparently used a rifle,Kowalski found that handguns were used in over 91% of the K-12 shootings, and almost half of the shooters stole the gun from a family member.

 According to Daniel Flannery, a professor at Case Western Reserve University and the director of the Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education, “It’s way easier to get a handgun than it is to do just about anything else in this country…our background check is woefully inadequate.”

 Furthermore, more than half of gun owners do not safely store all their guns, according to a survey of 1444 US gun owners conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

3. Violent acts, including mass shootings, are on the rise nationwide, possibly related to the pandemic and its attendant socioeconomic dislocations.

Recent data from cities across the US show a trend of increased violent crimes as the COVID-19 pandemic has lingered on, though the numbers vary from city to city.

 Moreover, a cross-sectional study showed large increases in mass shootings with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, “…consistent with the notion that mass shootings, an extreme form of violence, may be influenced by social and economic factors.”

 While acknowledging that such correlations do not necessarily represent causation, the recurrent and largely unpredictable surges of COVID-19 infection, coupled with their adverse socioeconomic repercussions, probably represent a risk factor for more mass shootings.

4. Psychological distress is increasing among teens and adolescents, and there is a shortage of mental health support for this age group.

In December 2021, the United States surgeon general, Vivek Murthy, MD, warned that young people are facing devastating mental health effects as a result of generational challenges, including the coronavirus pandemic. Dr Murthy’s report noted significant increases in self-reported depression and anxiety in younger age groups, along with more emergency room visits for mental health issues.

 Murthy observed that, “Young people are bombarded with messages through the media and popular culture that erode their sense of self-worth—telling them they are not good-looking enough, popular enough, smart enough or rich enough [and]…that comes as progress on legitimate, and distressing, issues like climate change, income inequality, racial injustice, the opioid epidemic and gun violence feels too slow.”

 While it is not clear that these trends will have a direct effect on the likelihood of school shootings, we need to recall Dr Kowalski’s finding that most perpetrators of K-12 shootings are under the age of 18.

 Unfortunately, obtaining professional help for this troubled age group has become increasingly difficult in the US, and shortages of mental health workers have only been worsened by the pandemic.

5. Media attention may encourage the copycat effect.

After mass shootings, the general media are often fixated on the shooter’s motives, family background, signs of mental disturbance, social media postings, etc. Almost inevitably, this lurid coverage is linked to the shooter’s name and face. Unfortunately, there is reason to believe that this sort of sensational publicity may encourage copy-cat killers, bent on outdoing the previous shooter.

 To the tens of thousands of disaffected, rejected, and bullied young men who imbibe this sort of cultural glorification, the temptation to “make history” by violent and vengeful means may prove irresistible. Alas, I see no sign that the media are becoming more restrained in their publicity of these horrific events—and this does not bode well for the future.

Though it is easy to give in to despair, there are ways, as a society, that we can reduce the frequency and lethality of mass shootings. As my colleague, James L. Knoll IV, MD, and I argued in a previous article,

“While solid, evidence-based methods of preventing mass shootings are still lacking, we believe that progress will come through work on a number of fronts. First, better reporting of ominous behaviors and careful use of extreme risk protection orders may avert at least some mass shootings. Second, the use of Threat Assessment and Management (TAM) teams in our schools may also help preempt planned attacks. TAM teams are interdisciplinary groups of professionals that include law enforcement, mental health providers, and other security stakeholders, collaborating in a structured effort to accurately assess and mitigate the risk of violence.”

Beyond these remedies, I believe that we Americans, as a society, need to do some serious introspection. That begins by asking ourselves some serious questions, like: what must we do to reduce the likelihood that troubled adolescents with violent intentions will get hold of unsecured firearms? What resources are required to address the mental health needs of younger populations? And what must we do to counteract the allure and glamor of these unspeakably violent deeds?

1. Kornfeld M, Iati M, Knowles H, et al. Biden says Second Amendment ‘not absolute’ as more details of school shooting emerge. 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/05/25/texas-school-shooting-uvalde-victims-live-updates/

2. Statista Research Department. Mass shootings in the U.S.: shooters by gender, as of May 2022. May 25, 2022. Accessed May 26, 2022. 

https://www.statista.com/statistics/476445/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-gender/

3. Kowalski RM. School shootings: What we know about them, and what we can do to prevent them. Brookings. January 26, 2022. May 26, 2022. 

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2022/01/26/school-shootings-what-we-know-about-them-and-what-we-can-do-to-prevent-them/

Mass murder: causes, classification, and prevention. 

6. Shapiro E, Andreano C. The type of gun used in most US homicides is not an AR-15. ABC News. October 26, 2021. Accessed May 26, 2022. 

https://abcnews.go.com/US/type-gun-us-homicides-ar-15/story?id=78689504

7. Survey: more than half of U.S. gun owners do not safely store their guns. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. February 22, 2018. Accessed May 26, 2022. 

https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2018/survey-more-than-half-of-u-s-gun-owners-do-not-safely-store-their-guns

8. Beals M. How violent crime has gone up since the pandemic. 

. February 15, 2022.Accessed May 26, 2022. 

https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/594291-how-violent-crime-has-gone-up-since-the-pandemic/

Mass shootings in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic.

10. Richtel M. Surgeon General warns of youth mental health crisis. 

 December 7, 2021. Accessed May 26, 2022. 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/science/pandemic-adolescents-depression-anxiety.html

11. Axelson D. Addressing the youth mental health crisis with coordinated systems of care. 

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/addressing-the-youth-mental-health-crisis-with-coordinated-systems-of-care

Reducing media-induced mass killings: lessons from suicide prevention. 

13. Pies RW. After Las Vegas, the danger of copy-cat killers. 

http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/trauma-and-violence/after-las-vegas-danger-copy-cat-killers

14. Knoll JL IV, Pies RW. Moving beyond “motives” in mass shootings. 

. January 14, 2019. Accessed May 26, 2022. 

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/moving-beyond-motives-mass-shootings

Kowalski RM, Leary M, Hendley T, et al. 

K-12, college/university, and mass shootings: similarities and differences

Unless there are substantive societal changes at many levels, the answer may be yes.

Is the Plague of Mass School Shootings in the US Here to Stay?

“In a disaster, we naturally tend to pay attention toward the most immediate victims, so people who are impacted physically and with physical injuries and damages,” Gaëlle Rached, MD, MSc, said in a new research presentation at the 2022 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting. But what about the family members who live thousands of miles away?

Rached, Research Postdoctoral Fellow at Northwestern University, shared details about the events of August 4, 2020, when the residents of Beirut experienced a massive explosion as a result of improperly stored ammonium nitrate at the port. More than 200 individuals were killed, and many more were injured and left homeless. Although Rached was in the city and saw firsthand the devastation and trauma, she found herself taken aback by the reports from expat friends and colleagues. 

“They heard about the blast from social media, and they tried reaching out to their families, but they weren't able to reach them,” she said. “The lines weren't connecting. They spent hours trying to reach them and thinking and imagining the worst… Can you imagine sitting at home looking at these headlines and wondering what your family is going through? Can you imagine seeing these videos shared over on social media and being stuck abroad due to COVID, not being able to help?”

As she talked with her colleagues about these experiences, she realized that the traumatic experiences were similar, “but somehow a little bit different.”

In general, expatriates are exposed to stressful living conditions, which makes them more susceptible to developing mental health problems, Rached noted. Yet their general mental health is not well studied, and even less is known about such in the context of traumatic events. Thus, Rached and colleagues conducted a 7-month study to examine the impact of the Beirut explosion on expats.

The study consisted of 670 Lebanese citizens or first generation from Lebanese descent who were residing abroad (not in Lebanon) and at least 18 years old. Of that population, 268 experienced the explosion and/or had close family members physically impacted by it. The median age was 31, and the majority (62.2%) were female. Participants came from all over the world, with the highest percentages coming from the United States and France. Study co-authors included Muriel Slim; Dimitri Fiani, MD; Margarita Abi Zeid Daou, MD; and Souraya Torbey, MD.

Participants were screened using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Preliminary analysis found almost 60% of the 268 who had more personal experience had scores on the PTSD Checklist indicative of PTSD. Furthermore, about 41% of participants screened higher than the threshold for anxiety and depression on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Both younger age and female sex were associated with higher scores, even months after the event occurred.

Rached explained their results show expatriates’ mental health are negatively affected by traumatic events in their home countries:

- Regardless of how long the expat has been away from their home country

- Regardless of if they experienced the event or witnessed it firsthand

“My simple message would be that there are 200 million expats around the world right now. Look out for expats in your life—your friends, your coworkers, your colleagues—especially when the country is going through traumatic events,” Rached concluded.

Are you attending the 2022 American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting? We want to hear your thoughts! Share recaps, reflections, and experiences with us at PTEditor@mmhgroup.com. Be sure to visit us at booth 1852.

Research explored how a traumatic explosion affected individuals around the world. 

New Data Shows Trauma’s Ripple Effects

, we worked with experts from multiple areas in psychiatry to bring you thoughtful articles about a wide variety of psychiatric issues, from managing depression in older adults and differences in trauma response to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth and the growing US mental health crisis. Here are some highlights.

Psychiatric Care in the US: Are We Facing a Crisis?

By the end of 2021, many American adults found themselves inthe worst mental state in years. According to the US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey, 47% of adults reported symptoms of anxiety,

 and 1 in 5 adults disclosed suffering from a mental illness.

 Despite this, it is estimated that less than half of Americans with a mental disorder get adequate treatment.

“It has been just over a year now since the COVID-19 pandemic struck the United States full force. A year of hunkering down and Zooming in, teleworking and telepsychiatry, economic and social upheaval, and steady scientific progress. Looking back to last March, we knew this would be difficult. But we didn’t know how difficult. And we certainly didn’t know that the challenge of COVID-19 would last this long,” said Joshua A. Gordon, MD, PhD, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, in a 2021 director’s message.

Why Men and Women May Respond Differently to Psychological Trauma

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder that arises after experiencing a traumatic event in about 10% of exposed individuals. A hallmark symptom is the reexperiencing of the traumatic event in the form of nightmares or flashbacks or reliving the event upon certain triggers. 

These unwanted memories cannot be controlled, and the event may feel like it is happening again. Individuals with PTSD will try to avoid these memories by not talking about them or by staying away from situations where potential triggers might be present (eg, the store where the robbery took place or watching the news about current combat events or natural disasters).

Several cognitive and mood alterations—such as memory problems, negative thoughts or feelings, and high arousal levels—may manifest themselves in several ways. These include being easily startled and having angry outbursts, sleeping problems, or difficulty concentrating on everyday tasks. 

The Management of Depression Among Older Adults

Depression is not an uncommon condition among older adults, and it is often underdiagnosed in this population. Depression also results in greater rates of morbidity and mortality among older adults. 

The neurobiology of depression includes a complex interaction among various biological, psychological, and social factors. The identification of depression among older adults requires a thorough history, a focused physical examination, appropriate laboratory studies, and the use of neuropsychological testing when necessary.

Current available treatments for older adults with depression include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and collaborative care approaches.

 In addition, some evidence indicates that aerobic and supervised group exercise regimens may improve depressive symptoms among older adults.

 In this review, we assess the evidence for using psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, ECT, TMS, and collaborative care approaches for the treatment of depression among older adults. 

Here’s How the COVID-19 Pandemic is Shaping the Next Generation

The full picture of teenagers’ experience of COVID-19 is just beginning to emerge. The school closures, canceled proms, and separation from friends seemed a small price to pay to save the lives of thousands—but in exchange, the adolescents who represent the younger side of Generation Z were robbed of the capstone of their formative years. It created an atmosphere of uncertainty and anxiety among some teens, about both the future and their place in it.

As if the pandemic was not enough, teens watched as police violence and racial tensions reached breaking points. They saw angry mobs take over cities and storm the Capitol. Then Mother Nature swept in with deadly wildfires and other natural disasters that underscored the threat of climate change. 

. And be sure to stay up-to-date by subscribing to the 

Do you have a comment on any of these or other articles? Have a good idea for an article and want to write? Interested in sharing your perspectives? Write to us at 

The experts weighed in on a wide variety of psychiatric issues for the April 2022 issue of Psychiatric Times.

From the Pages of Psychiatric Times: April 2022

) is a mental health disorder that arises after experiencing a traumatic event in about 10% of exposed individuals. A hallmark symptom is the reexperiencing of the traumatic event in the form of nightmares or flashbacks or reliving the event upon certain triggers. These unwanted memories cannot be controlled, and the event may feel like it is happening again. Individuals with PTSD will try to avoid these memories by not talking about them or by staying away from situations where potential triggers might be present (eg, the store where the robbery took place or watching the news about current combat events or natural disasters). Several cognitive and mood alterations—such as memory problems, negative thoughts or feelings, and high arousal levels—may manifest themselves in several ways. These include being easily startled and having angry outbursts, sleeping problems, or difficulty concentrating on everyday tasks.

Although men experience traumatic events more often than women overall, studies have shown that women are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event than men: about 10% to 12% in women compared with 5% to 6% in men.

 It is not just the prevalence of PTSD that differs between women and men, but also their PTSD subcluster scores. For instance, women report reexperiencing the event and anxious arousal more often than men,

 although a study looking at PTSD trajectory symptom courses over 1 year after admission to emergency departments found that a recovering trajectory is more prevalent in women, while men more often showed a delayed onset of their symptoms.

Gender differences in PTSD symptoms that are due to stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have also been reported, with women scoring significantly higher than men. Women have higher rates of reexperiencing events and of negative alterations in cognition or mood,

 dissociative responses, and a range of other posttraumatic reactions.

 With regard to the expression of PTSD symptoms, men might be more likely to feel anger and to have trouble controlling their anger, whereas women might feel more often anxious and depressed, as well as easily startled.

Which factors may help us understand why men and women respond differently to trauma? We describe how gender differences in the characteristics and timing of the traumatic event, as well as in the immediate and later biological and psychological reactions to the event, can impact how people respond to trauma.

 We would like to emphasize that there are no standard male or female response types to traumatic stress, but some features are more common in women and others in men. We use the term sex in this text to refer to a biological construct rooted in genetics, anatomy, and physiology. “Gender” is defined as a psychosocial construct that is an internal sense of self—whether individuals see themselves as women, men, or other gender identities—including the psychological, behavioral, and social consequences of one’s perceived gender.

In general, high-impact events, such as sexual abuse or interpersonal violence, are associated with a higher probability of developing PTSD than are lower-impact events, such as car accidents or disasters. Men and women differ in how often they experience specific types of traumatic events. Although men experience high-impact events, 

women have a much higher chance of being exposed to these types of events than men

. This difference in exposure is partly responsible for the increased risk of PTSD in women.

Timing of the event is another important aspect for understanding gender differences in PTSD. Women experience traumatic events more often at a younger age. In children, these experiences may disrupt their neurobiological development, especially when repeated, such as in domestic violence or sexual abuse by a caregiver. Repeated childhood trauma, especially in combination with emotional neglect, is also a risk for personality disorders, dissociative disorders, or so-called complex PTSD.

 Biologically, there is accumulating evidence that in addition to more girls being exposed to this type of trauma, there are also differences in how different areas of the brain are being affected between boys and girls.

 Socially, traditional socialization encouraging gender-conforming behavior (eg, girls and women should be emotional and passive) seems to be less advantageous for women in terms of mental health.

Culturally, the increased risk of PTSD symptoms in women is magnified in more traditional cultures. However, this increased risk may not be evident among women in professions traditionally regarded as masculine, such as first responders, police officers, and veterans.

 summarizes results from a US Department of Veterans Affairs survey comparing differences in the prevalence of mental health conditions, including PTSD, among male and female veterans who had experienced military sexual trauma.

In order to understand the psychological strengths and problems of trauma survivors in the general population, it is important to consider gender stereotypes and roles across cultures, cultural responses to traumatic events, and cultural impact on symptom expression. Norms, beliefs, and rituals may shape the subjective meaning of trauma—for example, beliefs about the spiritual importance of nightmares and their significance for physical security in Native American communities or a local concept of a trauma-related syndrome such as baksbat (broken courage) among the Khmer in Cambodia.

 Furthermore, several non-Western cultures may use somatic symptoms to express distress. Our treatments are also still mostly Western-based and need both gender- and culture-sensitive approaches.

Acute Responses and Stress-Coping Pathways

High acute psychological responses to an event comprise a well-established risk factor for the development of PTSD. After an event, women report higher levels of perceived threat and acute distress than men. In addition, the risk factor of peritraumatic dissociation (ie, experiencing dissociative states such as depersonalization, derealization, amnesia, and/or detachment during the traumatic event, which is more prevalent in women than in men) has been found to be related to higher autonomic arousal, which can predict the subsequent formation of distressing intrusions.

Coping styles that may be more or less effective in reducing acute stress levels also differ between genders. In line with a masculine gender role, men often cope with traumatic stress in a more problem-focused manner, which may decrease the risk of PTSD symptoms developing and of them becoming more chronic and severe, if they do develop.

 In contrast, women use more avoidant and emotion-focused coping styles, including relaxation, but they are also more likely to take psychoactive substances in the attempt to reduce the high arousal levels that are associated with a heightened risk of PTSD. The most pronounced gender difference is seen in seeking social support as a coping style, which is much more frequent among women. Because women are more likely to show a “tend-and-befriend” response to stress, which is clearly related to the availability of support from their social network, it is no surprise that unavailability of social support is one of the strongest predictors of PTSD.

Neurobiologically, numerous studies show dysregulation in several systems in individuals with PTSD. Acutely after trauma, the amygdala—the alarm center of the brain—activates the sympathetic nervous system and sets a chain of neurobiological stress responses in motion.

 PTSD has consistently been associated with amygdala hyperactivity and lower ventromedial prefrontal cortex control over the amygdala, which may explain the vivid fear-laden memories in PTSD. Within the neuroendocrine response, a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is typically found in PTSD (eg, with lower basal cortisol levels and enhanced glucocorticoid receptor [GR] function). And the most consistently found reaction to PTSD relating to the immune system is a proinflammatory state.

Sex-specific epigenetic and neuroendocrine influences (eg, gonadal hormones or oxytocin) and immune responses contribute to differential responses to trauma.

 For example, women have often been reported to have lower basal cortisol concentrations compared with men, while showing a larger cortisol response to stress and lower proinflammatory cytokines. These impact the stress response chain and are associated with a higher PTSD risk. However, our knowledge of sex differences is based on limited data from women; until recently, only 2% of neurobiological research had been conducted in females (and these were mainly rats, not humans).

Treatment of PTSD and Clinical Implications

The treatments of choice for PTSD are psychological interventions, such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

 The results for military personnel and veterans, overall, are less than impressive.

 Some studies show that men may drop out of trauma treatment more often than women, and that recovery rates are higher in women than men,

 but evidence for these gender differences is limited and inconsistent, according to recent systematic reviews.

Several pharmacological approaches (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine) reduce PTSD symptoms, but with a lower effect size than psychological treatments.

 Little research has been conducted on sex and gender differences in response to pharmacotherapy for PTSD; most still involve single-sex studies in men.

 A literature review of pharmacologically assisted psychotherapy for adults with PTSD showed approaches that combine medication and psychological treatment, including 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy, may be promising interventions,

 but sex and gender differences are yet to be determined.

In sum, there are both sex and gender differences in biological, psychosocial, and cultural factors that may explain why PTSD is more prevalent in women than in men. In clinical practice, however, diagnostics should not be affected by gender stereotypes that could result in underdiagnosis of sexual trauma and PTSD in men.

Women are more likely to experience high-impact events during a developmentally sensitive period of life. However, if this happens to boys, the impact is not smaller than in girls. Neurobiological dysregulations (eg, in the HPA axis) and coping styles are important factors in explaining differential responses of men and women to psychological trauma. We need more research on sex- and gender-sensitive personalizing of both psychological and pharmacological treatments to optimize efficacy.

Still too much research is done in men only. Sex- and gender-sensitive research and reporting has certainly been growing in recent years, but more diversity in research populations is needed. Sex/gender-disaggregated data analyses will provide more valid information on the roles that sex and gender play in traumatic experiences.

As diverse populations of traumatized individuals from Western and non-Western world regions seek mental health care, it is also critical to understand the role of culture in how men and women conceptualize trauma and express traumatic symptoms. This knowledge will help us better understand how to optimize gender-sensitive treatment cross-culturally.

Future research on PTSD should also focus on the interaction between sex and gender in response to traumatic events. As researchers gather more data on the roles of sex and gender as biological, psychosocial, and cultural variables in posttrauma responses, the picture will become clearer.

is professor of psychotraumatology at Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and is director of research at ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Diemen, the Netherlands. She is editor-in-chief of the European Journal of Psychotraumatology, and she is chair of the Global Collaboration on Traumatic Stress. 

 is a researcher and lecturer at the Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology at Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands. She is the guest editor of the special “Sex & Gender” issue of the European Journal of Psychotraumatology.

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PTSD is more prevalent in women than in men. What are the biological, psychosocial, and cultural factors that may explain why?

Violence against women, which can result in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other acquired brain injuries (ABIs), intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive and long-term strategy is required to address this issue and to ensure the mental well-being of women.

In July 2021, social media influencer Gabby Petito and her fiancé, Brian Laundrie, embarked on a cross-country road trip captured on Instagram and YouTube.

 In September, Laundrie returned—alone. Weeks later, Petito’s remains were found. It was determined that she died from strangulation, and her case opened a national conversation about intimate partner violence (IPV).

Tragically, Petito’s case is just 1 of many. There has been an increase in IPV, illuminating a shadow pandemic within the 

 Even before COVID-19, 1 in 3 women (approximately 1.27 billion women worldwide) experienced IPV.

Violence against women and resulting traumatic brain injuries increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Trauma And Violence

Is the Plague of Mass School Shootings in the US Here to Stay?

New Data Shows Trauma’s Ripple Effects

From the Pages of Psychiatric Times: April 2022

Why Men and Women May Respond Differently to Psychological Trauma

Violence Against Women and Acquired Brain Injuries

The Oscars Ceremony Needs to be Reviewed Too

Bringing Awareness to Brain Injury Awareness Month

A Bird’s Eye View: Reflections on Trauma

The Psychosocial Impacts of War and Armed Conflict on Children

Self-Forgiveness: A Step Closer to Healing