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Psychiatric issues continued to take center stage as the world stepped out of the depths of the COVID-19 pandemic. Was progress made, or did we stall? 

™ looked at some of the most pressing topics in psychiatry and mental health care as featured on our covers and asked leaders in the field to be the judge.

What is the most important issue in mental health? In an online 

™ poll, 30.7% of respondents felt that social determinants of mental health (SDOMH) were the top issue of 2022. Notably, SDOMH landed on the first cover of the year and were a focus of discussion during the 2022 American Psychiatric Association (APA) Annual Meeting in May. Have things changed?

, the Royal College of Psychiatrists [United Kingdom] has established a funded component to address the need for better education to address the impact of adverse [SDOMH], and in the US both the professional organizations for pediatrics and family medicine have advocated for urgent and concerted action,” Allan Tasman, MD; and Kenneth Thompson, MD, told 

™ in revisiting the subject. “These make it even more difficult to understand the hesitancy of the APA to do anything substantial on this issue.”

Tasman and Thompson shared that the APA eventually supported the formation of a SDOMH caucus, and the APA Assembly separately formed a SDOMH committee. However, the 2 doctors feel that these initiatives, although important, do not have enough meaningful financial support and must rely on the work of volunteer psychiatrists.

“Lack of attention to the role that adverse 

 play in the etiology and subsequent treatment of psychiatric disorders has led to insufficient change in our treatment outcomes in spite of multiple new medications and psychotherapies,” Tasman and Thompson said.

This topic is sure to remain of utmost importance to mental health care for years to come. Research suggests that addressing poverty, food security/nutrition, neighborhood/community impacts, trauma, and racism has significant positive benefits for children and adolescents

; this may be a good place upon which to build.

, psychedelics, the controversial treatment turning heads, took center stage. On the one hand, clinicians are eager for a promising new treatment. On the other, there is some skepticism about a treatment that has its roots in drugs of abuse. Thus, data are essential in determining psychedelics’ potential place in the psychopharmacological armamentarium.

™ also featured psychedelics among the many session topics at the 2022 Annual 

™ World CME Conference in August. Explained John J. Miller, MD, editor in chief of Psychiatric Times™ and cochair of the meeting, “We were honored to have 2 experts update us on the current status of [the pertinent] trials. 

, presented a detailed overview of psilocybin’s history and current research status. Corine de Boer, MD, PhD, provided a well-needed overview on MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine] and how it is being studied in patients with severe 

“Both psilocybin and MDMA are steadily moving forward in phase 2 and 3 FDA registration trials to determine their efficacy and safety for various treatments, especially for conditions with unmet needs such as treatment resistant depression and severe PTSD,” Miller added.

Most recently, a randomized, controlled, double-blind phase 2b study showed that a single 25-mg dose of psilocybin could improve symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

™ will continue to provide timely, accurate, and comprehensive updates as these 2 drugs move forward in the FDA approval process,” Miller said.

Amid the talk of increasing burnout, how do you care for yourself? Research shows that clinician reluctance to seek mental health care may begin as early as college and medical school, with 25% to 56% of medical students reporting depression and anxiety.

Fortunately, there are those taking a stand and fighting the stigma. In the March issue, Jake Goodman, MD, 

“One year ago, I posted about taking medication for my mental health to millions of people online. As a resident doctor, especially one who treats mental illness, this was extremely taboo. I hope my post was able to move the culture in a healthier and more compassionate direction.

“Today, I am still taking medication for my mental health. I still go to therapy for my mental health. I still have some bad days, but overall my mental health is in a really good place. Seeking treatment for depression was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made. Posting about it on social media, and letting others know that they are not alone, is one of my proudest moments. After that post, I received thousands of messages and comments from people around the world thanking me for making them feel seen and less alone.

“One year later, I’m still Dr Jake. I’m still a resident doctor who treats mental illness, and I still take medication for my mental health. By the way, I’m still proud of it.”

Much like Goodman, approximately 25% of practicing physicians in the US have depression.

 But an anonymous survey found less than half those who reported depressive symptoms sought treatment.

 By being open and honest not just with patients, but with colleagues as well, we can make strides to tamp down stigma in the mental health profession.

Like it or not, thanks to COVID-19, telehealth is here to stay, as we reported in the April issue.

“As a field, we have to now accept that new skill sets have to be developed: one skill set for seeing [patients] in person, and one for virtual. The art of psychiatry will have to evolve to include a distinction of who would benefit from which modality and how/when to switch modalities,” said 

™ Editorial Board Member Nidal Moukaddam, MD, PhD.

The highest rates of telehealth visits were among patients with Medicaid (29.3%) and Medicare (27.4%), Black individuals (26.8%), and those earning less than $25,000 a year (26.7%).

 But is telehealth actually helping underserved communities? Moukaddam has doubts.

“I worry this area may be a mixed bag of findings,” she said. “There [are] also data that indicate individuals with broadband connectivity disparities—only a data plan on their phone, no home internet—cannot fully benefit from virtual services because access is not guaranteed.”

On February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, causing a worldwide ripple effect of mental health trauma as Ukrainians chose to seek refuge abroad or stay to defend their home. In September, the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission reported that 14,059 civilians had been killed or injured since the invasion, although numbers are predicted to be much higher.

Peter Kowalski, MD, reported to us from the front lines for the 

. Here is the update he shared exclusively with 

“The horror waged by Russia against Ukraine continues. Ukraine pushed the Russians out of Kherson, the gateway to lands that Russia claims. The president of Ukraine asserted ‘this is the beginning of the end’ of the war. But this war is not over. Putin threatens nukes. Winter is here, and the brutal wind slices through the broken plain. Fuel and food are scarce. Refugees may need to leave their homes again.”

Although some volunteers have moved on, they have not forgotten what they saw in Ukraine. War grinds a people down. This should not be happening in the 21st century. Coordinated mental health care is mandatory after the bullets stop flying. As mental health professionals, we can lend expertise and assistance to help put a shattered country together again,” Kowalski said.

“The world continues to engage in multiple armed conflicts with dire consequences in places like Ukraine, Yemen, Syria, Burma, and the Middle East,” Omar Reda, MD, told 

™. “I refuse to preach despair, though; I remain full of hope and I am a strong believer that humans can hurt and also heal each other… We psychiatrists should strive to be the source of light and hope for everyone around us, starting with those we love, and not forgetting to nurse our own wounds in the process of healing others.”

Valeriia Palii, PhD, president of the National Psychological Association of Ukraine,

™: "Not only will we not break down, but we will also become stronger because the enemy shows its true face every time, destroying everything. People die in hospitals without electricity, schools cannot fully function because it is cold, we cannot cook for ourselves because we depend on resources. But we know that by capitulating, we will live even worse than now."

With young athletes admitting mental fatigue (or worse) during the 2022 Winter Olympics, in Beijing, China, all eyes turned to the field of 

In June, new research indicated the type of sport may affect a child’s mental state. The more intense the sport, the bigger the mental health impact. Hoffmann et al published results on the association between sports participation and mental health difficulties among US youth.

 Although they found that those who participated in team sports had fewer mental health problems than those who did not participate, youth involved with individual sports were more likely to have mental health problems such as increased anxiety, depression, withdrawal, social problems, and attentional problems.

“Unlike in team sports, an athlete who competes in individual sport is constantly faced with the realization that they are solely responsible for success or failure. This can take a toll on one’s mental health, particularly at a young age if one has not yet developed the coping skills to deal with this type of pressure or if one is not receiving the necessary support from others to manage the situation,” Matt D. Hoffmann, PhD, told 

Fortunately, the pleas for help have not gone entirely unanswered. Large athletic groups may be taking the first steps to combat this issue. In October, USA Gymnastics unveiled a new program that expands mental health coverage for athletes and coaches alike. Eight annual mental health provider visits will be covered for eligible national team members, and eligible coaches will be covered for 4 visits. Although the previous program provided mental health services during events such as training camps or meets, the new model will reimburse athletes/coaches up to $125 per visit when they return home.

Three digits had the mental health care community talking this year: 

. The new toll-free dialing code, which routes callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (now known as the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline) has been active since July. Although there was a lot of trepidation at its rollout, how has it worked so far?

According to data from the US Department of Health and Human Services, there was a 45% increase in overall usage volume and 152,000 more calls, chats, and texts answered compared with August 2021. Furthermore, the average answer speed across all contacts decreased from 2.5 minutes to 42 seconds.

 Despite these increases, data also indicate overall contacts are slowing slightly; phone calls fell by 7% the following month.

 Could this be due to a lack of awareness? Results of a recent survey of 2000 US adults found 56% reported they had heard “nothing at all” about 988.

Adding insult to injury, there have been a few viral social media posts warning not to call 988. Why? Posters listed potential police involvement, involuntary treatment in emergency departments/psychiatric hospitals, and the possible emotional and financial toll.

, at least 12 more school shootings have occurred in the US.

 The violence of school shooters persists, as has the media’s erroneous focus on “psychopathological” shooters.

“There is a common misperception that has been perpetuated by the mainstream media that mental illness is the primary, if not sole, factor in 

. It is a very simplistic way of looking at a complex problem,” Alan D. Blotcky, PhD, exclusively told 

™. “The truth is that mass shootings are a complicated, multifactorial problem that is not easily described or researched, much less understood by the citizenry. What is crystal clear is that very few mass shooters have a major mental illness, such as schizophrenia.”

Blotcky does believe, however, that shooters are more likely to have externalizing disorders (ie, antisocial personality, substance use, and other impulsive and aggressive disorders). According to a 2-stage study from 2021, 10.1% to 24.3% of students met criteria for an externalizing disorder.

 “In my opinion, the obsession with mental illness as the culprit in mass shootings is a way of avoiding the harsh reality that firearms are too plentiful and too easily obtained,” Blotcky added.

Perhaps the bigger discussion should fall on prevention, and some progress has been made. In June 2022, President Joe Biden signed into law the first major gun safety legislation passed in decades, which includes funding for school safety. California, New York, and other states also have passed new laws to regulate untraceable ghost guns and strengthen background checks.

 According to an early 2022 study, such legislation might reduce gun deaths, as states with weaker gun laws had higher rates of homicides, suicides, and accidental killings using a gun.

Overall, the experts seem to agree that psychiatry has made steps toward dealing with the issues in 2022, but more needs to be done. 

™ readers seem to agree, according to results of a recent online survey (

In addition, there are ongoing factors, such as prior authorization and managed care struggles, the debate over how to address incomplete recovery and residual symptoms, and the need for additional resources and clinicians.

We want to hear from you! Was progress made in psychiatry in 2022? What story was most impactful to you?
What are some lingering issues you want to see addressed? Write to us at 

The key social determinants of mental health: their effects among children globally and strategies to address them: a narrative review.

2. Kuntz L. A single dose of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression. 

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/a-single-dose-of-psilocybin-for-treatment-resistant-depression

A conceptual model of medical student well-being: promoting resilience and preventing burnout.

Professional stigma of mental health issues: physicians are both the cause and solution.

5. Karimi M, Lee EC, Couture SJ, et al. National survey trends in telehealth use in 2021: disparities in utilization and audio vs. video services. Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; Office of Health Policy. February 1, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/4e1853c0b4885112b2994680a58af9ed/telehealth-hps-ib.pdf

6. Ukraine: more than 14,000 casualties to date but ‘actual numbers are likely considerably higher.’ United Nations. September 9, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126391

7. Hoffmann MD, Barnes JD, Tremblay MS, Guerrero MD. 

Associations between organized sport participation and mental health difficulties: data from over 11,000 US children and adolescents.

8. USA Gymnastics expands mental health services for athletes. AP News. October 10, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://apnews.com/article/sports-health-mental-gymnastics-57baecee03219f54c3726e91866cb30c

9. HHS Secretary: 988 transition moves us closer to better serving the crisis care needs of people across America. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. September 9, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://www.samhsa.gov/newsroom/press-announcements/20220909/hhs-secretary-988-transition-moves-closer-to-better-serving-crisis-care-needs

10. 988 Lifeline performance metrics. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Updated October 31, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/988/performance-metrics

11. Lopes L, Kirzinger A, Sparks G, et al. KFF/CNN Mental Health in America Survey. KFF. October 5, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://www.kff.org/report-section/kff-cnn-mental-health-in-america-survey-findings/

12. Social media posts warn people not to call 988. Here’s what you need to know. NPR. August 25, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/08/11/1116769071/social-media-posts-warn-people-not-to-call-988-heres-what-you-need-to-know

13. School shootings this year: how many and where. EducationWeek. Updated October 31, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://www.edweek.org/leadership/school-shootings-this-year-how-many-and-where/2022/01

14. Norrholm SD, Blotcky AD. Most mass shooters are terrorists, not mentally ill. 

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/most-mass-shooters-are-terrorists-not-mentally-ill

15. Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, et al. 

Community-based prevalence of externalizing and internalizing disorders among school-aged children and adolescents in four geographically dispersed school districts in the United States. 

16. Tucker E. These are the gun control laws passed in 2022 so far. CNN. July 30, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/30/us/gun-control-laws-2022/index.html

17. Gun safety policies save lives. Everytown. Updated January 19, 2022. Accessed November 8, 2022. 

Assessing 2022: What’s the Prognosis in Psychiatry?

The data is clear: We should expect an increasing number of 

 and gender diverse (TGD) youth presenting to our practices over the coming years.

 We must ask ourselves: Are we prepared to treat these patients and their families with the most affirming, evidence-based treatment available?

For discussion purposes, consider a prototypical case of “Bar,” an 11-year-old child who presents to your office accompanied by his parents. Bar was assigned female at birth but recently began identifying with “he/him” pronouns; he is scared to face impending puberty. Bar’s father informs you that he is afraid Bar will be “bullied for being gay.”

Recent qualitative studies suggest that the caregivers’ response and adjustment to their TGD child’s identity development is critical to the child’s mental health.

 An integrative family therapy approach should affirm and support the TGD child in an equal partnership between the caregivers and the child.

 Addressing attunement and attachment is important for the family system, as there is likely longstanding 

 from adoption of rigid, binary gender norms.

 Families should prioritize building psychosocial support for, and affirming the gender identity of, the TGD child, rather than focus on worries like “Is this my fault?” “What went wrong?” or “Is this just a phase?” The family may express grief due to the loss of an expected future they associated with the assigned sex of a transitioning child.

Distress tolerance and interpersonal relationship dynamics can be tested during a gender transition

 may be misdiagnosed with personality disorders.

 Dialectical behavioral therapy is a good therapeutic option for these patients.

 It is important that group therapy options provide affirming environments for transgender group members. This includes the facilitator’s role modeling of appropriate usage of pronouns and chosen names during therapy sessions.

Disclosing a shared identity with a patient can aid the therapeutic alliance by displaying understanding and empathy for the patient’s experience, which can facilitate trust and reciprocity.

 It is vital that providers reflect on whether self-disclosure is being done with the intent of improving patient care, and peer supervision around this can be of value.

Psychiatrists should model inclusive environments to their TGD patients within their offices and clinical spaces.

 Patients and their families should feel safe to give feedback to the psychiatrist when they fail to produce an affirming patient experience.

 In these situations, the administrative response should be transparent and timely, and it should address the root cause of the issue. Psychiatrists should collaborate and advocate with the family and other community and mental health professionals, such as school psychologists and counselors, to create affirming environments within the child’s home and school life.

 It is imperative that work with TGD patients involves ongoing feedback and participation from affected community members throughout the learning and healing process.

To create a more affirming environment for a TGD child, psychiatrists should collaborate with the family, school, and community. For example, using noninvasive and empowering language can be a great first step in establishing not only a good environment, but also a therapeutic alliance. See 

Psychiatric Terminology: Is the Field Doing Enough?

Gender Dysphoria and Its Significance in the TGD Community

Gender dysphoria is a term that originated within psychiatry. The DSM-5-TR defines gender dysphoria as “the psychological distress that results from an incongruence between one’s sex assigned at birth and one’s gender identity.” Gender euphoria is an accepted term used in the TGD community that recently entered the peer-reviewed literature.

 It is defined as a “joyful feeling of rightness” and the “powerfully positive emotions” that comes from one’s gender. See 

 for more details on gender dysphoria and euphoria.

Gender dysphoria is caused by repeated exposure to gender-nonaffirming environments, which can result in higher rates of 

, anxiety, trauma and stress disorders, rumination, somatization, and suicidality in TGD individuals.

 The mismatch between a person’s self-identified gender and invalidating environments can occur within multiple domains, including online, home, school, athletic, employment, carceral, and health care settings.

 Access to affirming environments and health care improves mental health outcomes

; on the other hand, nonaffirming environments and barriers to health care increase disparities for TGD individuals.

 Due to recent attempts to criminalize evidence-based affirming health care for TGD individuals, psychiatrists should expect to see an increase in patients presenting with gender dysphoria in the near future.

The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Theory

The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Theory describes the disparate impact of risk and protective factors on the experience of internalized (proximal) and external (distal) oppression in TGD communities.

 factors combine with other forms of social identity–based discrimination, such as racism and socioeconomic disadvantage. Taken together, this intersectionality is responsible for the structural pathways leading to systemic health care inequities experienced by TGD community members (ie, social determinants of health).

 provides more details on minority stress and resilience.

Minority stress models have been used to explain the increased risk for biological, psychological, and social health disparities observed in TGD communities. These biological factors include increased rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer-related outcomes, whereas psychological outcomes of minority stress include depression and suicidality.

 Among the TGD community, social disparities and structural disadvantages have been noted in increased rates of incarceration, housing instability, underinsurance, and risk behaviors, such as 

 expands on this topic and gives examples of resilience, or protective factors, that moderate the effect of minority stress.

 Resilience factors include methods to create systemic and structural changes that increase the psychosocial support and affirming environments available to TGD individuals.

 Additionally, TGD individuals can learn skills such as community building, advocacy, role modeling, and other expressions of pride, self-worth, and self-acceptance.

You diagnose Barr with gender dysphoria and provide supportive psychotherapy throughout the social transition process. You present Barr with information regarding his local community center, where Barr becomes active in peer support and social activities. You provide educational resources to Barr’s parents, who join their local PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) chapter to speak with other parents of TGD children. You discuss the changes in pronouns with Barr’s school psychologist and work with school administration to help develop strategies for Barr to express his gender authentically within the school’s policies.

After a year of treatment, although Barr feels more confident in his masculine gender expression, he reports ongoing depression due to expected changes with puberty. As a result, you refer Barr and his parents to a gender-affirming endocrinologist to discuss options regarding potential puberty suppression and timing.

Psychiatrists are in a unique position to empower their patients by recognizing and addressing key issues surrounding gender and sexuality. This includes the use of sensitive and inclusive language and assisting the field in adapting to ongoing evolution of community standards of care. Similarly, it is important to integrate transition and resocialization efforts with the patient’s family, community centers, and school professionals. 

 provides a list of potential resources to help in this endeavor. Together, we can work to provide affirmative and evidence-based care for all youth, whether or not they identify within the gender binary.

is a sixth-year medical student at Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru. She aspires to become a neurologist and to continue advocating through research and policymaking for the transgender community. 

 is a board-certified neurologist and graduate student of social service at Fordham University, where they perform activism and research for the transgender community.

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https://news.gallup.com/poll/389792/lgbt-identification-ticks-up.aspx

2. Turban J, Ferraiolo T, Martin A, Olezeski C. 

Ten things transgender and gender nonconforming youth want their doctors to know.

3. Bhattacharya N, Budge SL, Pantalone DW, Katz-Wise SL. 

Conceptualizing relationships among transgender and gender diverse youth and their caregivers.

Integrative family therapy with transgender, gender diverse, and non-binary (TGDNB) young people.

Working toward family attunement: family therapy with transgender and gender-nonconforming children and adolescents.

Treating family members of transgender and gender-nonconforming people: an interview with Eric Yarbrough, M.D.

7. Austin A, Craig SL, D’Souza S, McInroy LB. 

Suicidality among transgender youth: elucidating the role of interpersonal risk factors.

8. Goldhammer H, Crall C, Keuroghlian AS. 

Distinguishing and addressing gender minority stress and borderline personality symptoms.

9. Sloan CA, Berke DS. Dialectical behavior therapy as a treatment option for complex cases of gender dysphoria. In: Kauth MR, Shipherd JC, eds. 

Adult Transgender Care: An Interdisciplinary Approach for Training Mental Health Professionals.

 Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2018:123-139.

Therapist self-disclosure of sexual orientation revisited: considerations with a case example.

11. Banerjee SC, Staley JM, Alexander K, et al. 

Encouraging patients to disclose their lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) status: oncology health care providers’ perspectives.

12. Acosta W, Qayyum Z, Turban JL, van Schalkwyk GI. 

Identify, engage, understand: supporting transgender youth in an inpatient psychiatric hospital.

13. Brown JM, Naser SC, Brown Griffin C, et al. 

A multicultural, gender, and sexually diverse affirming school-based consultation framework.

14. Katz-Wise SL, Sansfaçon AP, Bogart LM, et al. 

Lessons from a community-based participatory research study with transgender and gender nonconforming youth and their families.

15. Beischel WJ, Gauvin SEM, van Anders SM. 

“A little shiny gender breakthrough”: community understandings of gender euphoria.

16. Dhejne C, Van Vlerken R, Heylens G, Arcelus J. 

Mental health and gender dysphoria: a review of the literature.

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Anxiety and depression among transgender people: findings from a cross-sectional online survey in Russia.

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Mental health diagnoses among transgender patients in the clinical setting: an all-payer electronic health record study.

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Factors associated with ruminative thinking in individuals with gender dysphoria.

Increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment and somatoform disorders in transsexual individuals.

Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: a systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention.

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Family relationships and the health and well-being of transgender and gender-diverse youth: a critical review.

24. Kosciw JG, Clark CM, Truong NL, Zongrone AD. The 2019 National School Climate Survey: the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. GLSEN. 2020. Accessed October 3, 2022. 

https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/NSCS19-FullReport-032421-Web_0.pdf

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Three strikes and you’re out: culture, facilities, and participation among LGBTQ youth in sports.

Should I stay or should I go? Employment discrimination and workplace harassment against transgender and other minority employees in Canada’s Federal Public Service.

 Racial/ethnic disparities in history of incarceration, experiences of victimization, and associated health indicators among transgender women in the U.S.

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Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults.

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Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth.

Access to gender-affirming hormones during adolescence and mental health outcomes among transgender adults.

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Psychiatrists are in a unique position to empower their patients by recognizing and addressing key issues surrounding gender and sexuality. 

Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

Assessing 2022: What’s the Prognosis in Psychiatry?

Affirming Evidence-Based Care for Young Patients Who Are Transgender or Gender Diverse

If You Have Children, Talk to Them

How to Support Youth in Crisis With Behavioral Health Services

The Week in Review: October 31-November 4

Youth Empowerment Starts With “You”

Study Explores Impact of Circadian Pathway, Insomnia Risk Genes on Sleep Disturbance in Autism

Promoting Harmony Over Hate in Child Development Across Religions and Races

Promoting Harmony Instead of Hate in Children and Adolescents Across Religions and Races

Remembering Love and Our Infrastructure of Child Rearing