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can be deceptive, since the single word can represent different behaviors. 

 refers to a method of substance inhalation that delivers anything from blueberry-flavored vitamin D to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) into the body. Although health professionals often refer to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and vaping synonymously, e-cigarettes represent only a small fraction of the growing market for vaping products available to consumers of all ages.

We know that breathing in tar and asbestos is risky, but what about zinc, lead, chromium, manganese, and copper?

 All have been identified as components of various vaping products (eg, e-liquids, vape juice), although the long-term health consequences of these ingredients are not well defined. Although some e-liquid ingredients are considered to be safe to be ingested and processed in the gut and may thus be benign in that regard (eg, vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol), they may cause harm in the lungs.

 And, beyond the lung damage it can cause, aerosol inhalation may increase cardiovascular risk.

In addition, nicotine vaping products increase the risk for the same health consequences as any other nicotine exposures, including: subsequent development of a nicotine addiction; priming for use of other substances; changes in attention, cognition, and impulse control; and increased risk of developing mood disorders.

 The risk is compounded by the ready availability of vape juices and e-liquids that have high concentrations of nicotine, beyond what are found in traditional tobacco products.

Although health professionals often refer to electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and vaping synonymously, e-cigarettes represent only a small fraction of the growing market for vaping products available to consumers of all ages.

Young children and developing fetuses may also be prone to indirect health consequences of vaping products. For instance, there are reports of vaping liquids being swallowed and absorbed through the skin and eyes in young children, resulting in poisoning. Fetal exposure can result in multiple adverse health consequences, including sudden infant death syndrome.

Given the potential for harm, why do individuals vape nicotine and other harmful chemicals for purposes other than smoking cessation? Among youth, curiosity is the most common reason for vaping.

 Vaping may be seen an act that brings social benefit: Friends use what their friends use.

 Available online and in neighborhood stores, vaping products may be perceived as both fashionable and convenient.

 Plus, vape systems can be discreet (ie, no visible aerosol) or flashy (ie, production of large vape clouds). With advanced features such as voice control, accent lighting, and Bluetooth compatibility, there is a vaping device to appeal to almost any subculture and customer.

The ability to customize vape systems and liquids carries additional risks. Most samples obtained from the e-cigarette liquid of individuals being treated for e-cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury (EVALI) contained THC. Vitamin E acetate was identified in all samples, and glycerin, propylene glycol, diacetyl, aldehydes, formaldehyde, terpenes, organic compounds, and trace metals may have contributed to the more than 2800 EVALI cases and 68 associated deaths.

 In our investigation of college students’ vaping data collected from the 2018 to 2019 Health Minds Study survey, we found that almost 1 in 4 students who vaped used THC,9 and an analysis of 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey data found that about 1 in 4 of the middle and high school student sample had vaped marijuana.

. A few US states and tribal governments, and some countries, have broadened prohibitions against smoking in public places to include vaping, but most have not. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates flavors, predominantly when marketed to children and youth and when sold without age verification or without limiting number.

 Menthol, previously considered an adult flavor, is now banned per the FDA.

Although vaping products are being used by nonsmokers, vaping has utility as a 

 Given the undeniable harms of smoking, vaping provides an option for people who are ready to quit smoking.

Among youth, however, vaping is more often initiated as an addition or gateway to smoking. According to the results of one study, only 7.3% of high school seniors who vaped did so for smoking cessation.

 Furthermore, individuals with dual use (smoking and vaping) are exposed to increased harms.

“Paul,” aged 35 with no history of psychiatric disorders, was a smoker for more than 30 years. Despite his use of numerous quit methods, Paul’s frequent attempts to stop smoking were curtailed by his anxiety and disrupted concentration. Finally, his primary care provider convinced him to give vaping a 2-week try. Although cynical at first, Paul was relieved when he discovered vaping worked for him. In addition, he was thrilled to find products that were within his budget.

Unfortunately, vaping was not a 100% panacea. One day while working at his computer, Paul felt a sudden flash of pain and his pant leg burst into fire. A visit to the emergency department and a skin graft were required after his battery exploded in his pocket. Nevertheless, he is still vaping.

Paul says he will never return to smoking cigarettes, although he misses it. He is scheduled to see a pulmonologist; he is certain that vaping has been better for his health than the 2 packs a day he used to smoke. However, family and friends are concerned, he reports. They have pointed out that he is never without his vape pen, and he has realized he uses it with no conscious knowledge of doing so, regardless of where he is.

ASSESSING THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VAPING

. Talking to a patient about vaping may require some investigation (

). Frequency of use and the types of products used influence the safety and clinical significance of the behavior. If the patient is distressed by their behavior, experiences functional impairment, or reports poor health outcomes including symptoms of tobacco or cannabis use disorders, you may decide to provide assistance and help your client quit, or reduce, vaping behavior.

RESOURCES TO HELP YOUR PATIENT QUIT VAPING.

 The US Department of Health and Human Services

 have online and printed resources to assist with smoking cessation, as have most US states.

 In-person and online classes and/or support groups, tailored text messaging services, a free QuitGuide app, and information related to nicotine replacement products are available. Patients can consult and access these resources when they want to quit smoking or vaping. While vaping cessation research is scant

 and is primarily limited to nicotine vaping, methods used to quit are likely amenable to those used in smoking cessation.16 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations for clinicians are to ask about use, advise quitting, and provide behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy.

 Teens and adolescents may require niched interventions, whether they are consuming nicotine via vaping or other methods.

 funded the development of a text-to-quit mobile application as an addition to their quit program for teens. This program is based on research of vaping patterns, quit attempts, and cessation motivation; interventions should be tailored to address social influences, outcome expectancies, and intentions to quit.

 Women who are pregnant also need a tailored approach to quit vaping; counseling techniques, including relaxation activities,

 and monetary incentives improve outcomes.

 Nicotine replacement therapy may also be helpful.

 is an associate professor and director of psychiatric epidemiology at the University of Florida. 

is a PhD student in epidemiology at the University of Florida.

1. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Eaton DL, Kwan LY, Stratton K, eds. 

Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes

2. E-cigarette use among youth and young adults. a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2016. Accessed August 31, 2001. 

e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Full_Report_non-508.pdf

3. Buchanan ND, Grimmer JA, Tanwar V, et al. 

Cardiovascular risk of electronic cigarettes: a review of preclinical and clinical studies

4. Goniewicz ML, Boykan R, Messina CR et al. 

High exposure to nicotine among adolescents who use Juul and other vape pod systems (‘pods’)

5. Romijnders KAGJ, van Osch L, de Vries H, Talhout R. 

Perceptions and reasons regarding e-cigarette use among users and non-users: a narrative literature review

Lost in e-cigarette clouds: a culture on the rise

7. Outbreak of lung injury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products. CDC. Updated August 3, 2021. Accessed August 31, 2021. 

www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html

8. Griffiths A, Rauzi A, Stadheim K, Wheeler W. 

Lung injury associated with e-cigarette or vaping product use

10. Ben Taleb Z, Kalan ME, Bahelah R, et al. 

Vaping while high: factors associated with vaping marijuana among youth in the United States

11. FDA finalizes enforcement policy on unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes that appeal to children, including fruit and mint. News release. FDA; January 2, 2020. Accessed May 11, 2021. 

www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-finalizes-enforcement-policy-unauthorized-flavored-cartridge-based-e-cigarettes-appeal-children

12. FDA commits to evidence-based actions aimed at saving lives and preventing future generations of smokers. News release. FDA; April 29, 2021. Accessed May 11, 2021. 

www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-commits-evidence-based-actions-aimed-saving-lives-and-preventing-future-generations-smokers

13. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Lindson N, et al. 

Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation

E-cigarette use and adult cigarette smoking cessation: a meta-analysis

15. Evans-Polce RJ, Patrick ME, Lanza ST, Miech RA, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD. 

Reasons for vaping among U.S. 12th graders

Current advances in research in treatment and recovery: nicotine addiction

17. QuitGuide. Smokefree.gov. Accessed May 11, 2021. 

18. Tobacco information and tips for quitting smoking. BeTobaccoFree.gov. Accessed May 11, 2021. 

19. Smoking – medicines to help you quit. FDA. Updated September 25, 2018. Accessed May 11, 2021. 

www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/smoking-medicines-help-you-quit

20. Smoking cessation information & programs. 

21. Berg CJ, Krishnan N, Graham AL, Abroms LC. 

A synthesis of the literature to inform vaping cessation interventions for young adults

22. Cuccia AF, Patel M, Amato MS, et al. 

Quitting e-cigarettes: quit attempts and quit intentions among youth and young adults

23. Amato MS, Bottcher MM, Cha S, et al. 

“It’s really addictive and I’m trapped:” a qualitative analysis of the reasons for quitting vaping among treatment-seeking young people

24. US Preventive Services Task Force; Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. 

Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.

25. Vaping: this is quitting. a 24/7 support network. The Truth Initiative. Accessed May 11, 2021. 

www.thetruth.com/article/this-is-quitting

26. Chamberlain C, O’Mara-Eves A, Oliver S, et al. 

Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy

27. Notley C, Gentry S, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. 

28. Livingstone-Banks J, Norris E, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. 

Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation

What is vaping and when does it become a problem? 

The ABCs of Vaping

, about her innovate approach to drug use among teenagers. Avoiding old-fashioned scare tactics, Martinez talks to students and their parents about the neurological effects of substances like cannabis and alcohol. Could scientific education be a key protective factor against addiction?

The rising rate of teen cannabis use and its potential causes.

The effects of smoking marijuana on brain development.

How other psychiatric illnesses can lead to substance abuse disorders.

How to talk to teenagers about substance use—without being overbearing.

Distinguishing between experimental and problematic substance use.

is a child and adolescent psychiatry fellow at New York-Presbyterian Hospital.

Thanks to Columbia University Department of Psychiatry for allowing us to present the Caring for Teens and Tweens podcast with experts in the field of psychiatry.

Scare tactics don’t work. But scientific education might. Here are tips for talking with teenaged patients about keeping themselves and their friends safe. 

How to Talk to Teenagers About Substance Use

“Adolescence is a critical period, with increased risk for cannabis and, in particular, high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency cannabis use. This may represent a public health crisis,” Christopher J. Hammond, MD, PhD, shared with attendees of the 

In his presentation, “Impact of THC on Adolescents: Neurodevelopment,” Hammond shared that chronic adolescent THC exposure across animal and human studies is associated with disruptions or alterations in brain development. Furthermore, it is associated with adverse mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety.

“Contrary to a lot of what the popular media messaging has communicated to us, data across studies of young people show that adolescents that use cannabis regularly and who cut down or stop using cannabis show reductions in depression and anxiety and improvements in cognition,” said Hammond.

Abstinence from cannabis for 3 to 4 weeks could reduce anxiety and depression, improve sleep, and boost cognition in adolescent regular cannabis users.

Cannabis is the most commonly used federally illicit drug by US youth, and it accounts for more than 75% of teen admissions to substance use treatment. About 1.4 million adolescents try cannabis for the first time each year.

Early onset of cannabis use, according to Hammond, could lead to a number of health issues, including major depressive disorder, alcohol use disorders, substance use disorders, suicidality, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, psychosis, and delinquent behaviors.

“There appears to be a relatively consistent pattern of findings showing that adolescent cannabis use is associated in a dose dependent manner with poor outcomes in academic and occupational functioning, cognition, and psychiatric and substance use outcomes, and that these may be worse for young people with mental health problems,” said Hammond.

Adolescent cannabis use could also lead to potential long-term brain effects, like dysfunction in white matter tracts, altered brain waves, and decreased brain blood flow. These effects are larger and more consistent with earlier age of onset and heavy use.

“As more data comes in, we can further update and inform this field, but using the data as it exists now is important,” concluded Hammond.

1. Jacobus J, Squeglia LM, Escobar S, et al. 

Changes in marijuana use symptoms and emotional functioning over 28-days of monitored abstinence in adolescent marijuana users. 

Reductions in cannabis use are associated with mood improvement in female emerging adults.

3. Hanson KL, Winward JL, Schweinsburg AD, et al. 

Longitudinal study of cognition among adolescent marijuana users over three weeks of abstinence.

4. Hammond CJ, Chaney A, Hendrickson B, Sharma P. 

Cannabis use among U.S. adolescents in the era of marijuana legalization: a review of changing use patterns, comorbidity, and health correlates.

5. Morgan CJ, Gardener C, Schafer G, et al. 

Sub-chronic impact of cannabinoids in street cannabis on cognition, psychotic-like symptoms and psychological well-being.

6. Arterberry BJ, Padovano HT, Foster KT, et al. 

Higher average potency across the United States is associated with progression to first cannabis use disorder symptom.

7. DiForti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, et al. 

The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study.

8. Hines LA, Freeman TP, Gage SH, et al. 

Association of high-potency cannabis use with mental health and substance use in adolescence.

Chronic adolescent exposure to THC and cannabis could lead to adverse mental health outcomes and impacted brain functioning. 

Chronic Adolescent THC Exposure: Mental Health Crisis? 

 death of 54-year-old actor, Michael K. Williams, confirmed to be due to an overdose of heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl,

 was a sobering reminder that the opioid crisis is far from a problem limited to white Americans, although it has 

 about his own struggles with substance abuse, and celebrities disclosing mental illness can be a powerful method to increase help-seeking behaviors, especially for minoritized communities.

 In addition, he was quite invested in community work for children, founding 

, a charitable organization that creates community centers to provide children with safe places to play and to learn. Williams himself experienced significant childhood trauma and admitted that he began to use substances as an adolescent to 

 In fact, studies have shown that most adults who struggle with substance use disorders (SUDs) begin using substances 

 If psychiatrists want to combat the opioid epidemic, they must appreciate the needs of often-overlooked communities and start early—in childhood and adolescence.

I recently attended a lecture about the effects of maternal opioid use on newborns. The presenter showed slides depicting mothers with opioid use disorders (OUDs) through a humanizing, rather than criminalizing, lens. All these mothers happened to be white. This was a particularly troubling coincidence, given the racialization of drug use and the racist pattern in the media—the favorable portrayal of rural and suburban white opioid users versus the unfavorable portrayal of black opioid users living in urban communities.

 Black Americans with OUDs are too often represented as poor, urban, criminals injecting opioids. This is a racially inaccurate depiction in and of itself, given that Black individuals with OUDs also live in the suburbs and in rural areas.

In 2017, the US Department of Health and Human Services declared the opioid epidemic a 

 after witnessing the monumental number of deaths due to opioid overdose.

 Since then and through 2019, although white deaths have been on the decline, opioid overdose deaths in Black Americans, and in particular in Black men, have been 

 Synthetic opioids have hit Black communities disproportionately hard. From 2011 to 2016, Black Americans had the greatest increase in opioid-related death rates due to synthetic opioids, such as 

 and from 2016 to 2017, Black Americans experienced a 61% increase in synthetic opioid fatal overdoses, compared to a 

The current interventions used for OUDs, and arguably SUDs overall, are not working optimally for everyone. To be sure, white individuals have been harmed by the opioid crisis, and before the onset of fentanyl they had the highest rates and numbers of deaths due to opioid overdose.

 However, the opioid crisis is not only harming white people, and Black people are often left out when it comes to OUD interventions.

OUD treatment interventions should not be the same for all populations, because all populations are not treated equally when it comes to OUDs. The racist war on drugs, which disproportionately targeted 

 is only one example. Black individuals are disproportionately criminalized for SUDs, making it more difficult for them to trust and therefore access substance use treatment. Even though white individuals are more likely to sell drugs than Black individuals, Black individuals are 

 Black Americans are also more likely to be arrested for drug possession, even though white and Black individuals use substances at similar rates.

Racial disparities exist even in the distribution of psychopharmacological treatment for OUDs.

 There is differential access to buprenorphine and methadone, with the former less likely to be available in Black communities versus the latter. Methadone requires daily appointments, while buprenorphine is a take-home-pill. In essence, the more convenient treatment is less accessible for Black people. OUD interventions must do more to target Black communities specifically, and advertisements and slides for OUD interventions that feature white-only families misrepresent the true demographics of the epidemic. Black patients must be reassured that their SUDs will be humanized and treated as psychiatric disorders, not as punishable crimes.

During the opioid crisis, there has been less attention on the impact of OUD on children and adolescents. Although a myriad of research studies exist on OUDs’ impact on newborns, children 1 year or older get less attention when it comes to OUD research, with only 2% of federal funding for addiction research focusing on children or families.

 Beyond research, there is a need for clinical training on navigating OUDs in children and adolescents—and additionally, helping to prevent them. Children and adolescents of parents with OUDs should receive anticipatory guidance about opioid use, including support in understanding why they may be at greater risk for developing an OUD.

To be sure, child and adolescent psychiatrists have these sorts of conversations with their patients individually all the time, but having these conversations (or not) is often left up to the psychiatrist’s discretion, rather than having it be a standard of care. As an adult/child psychiatry resident, I have received the bulk of my training in SUDs from my time with adults, rather than with children.

While we are certainly trained to ask about SUDs in children and to monitor and treat them once they occur, what about preventing them? Perhaps newborns who suffer from neonatal abstinence syndrome should be flagged to receive preventative SUD care when they reach a certain age, although the long-term psychiatric outcomes of newborns exposed to opioids in utero is still a subject very much debated.

 Perhaps children who are exposed to trauma should be counseled about the risk of engaging in substance use, among risky behaviors, in an attempt to cope, especially if these children are already being seen by a child and adolescent psychiatrist for other reasons. One thing is for sure, the opioid crisis is far from a white people problem or an adult problem, for that matter. And, sadly, it is far from over.

 is an adult/child psychiatry resident at Yale Child Study Center/Yale School of Medicine. She is also a Public Voices Fellow of the OpEd Project at Yale University.

1. Gold M, Bromwich JE. Michael K. Williams died of a drug overdose, authorities say. 

. September 27, 2021. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

2. Shihipar A. The opioid crisis isn’t white. 

. February 26, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

3. Calhoun AJ, Gold JA. “I feel like I know them”: the positive effect of celebrity self-disclosure of mental illness. 

4. Murray E. Michael K. Williams never hid his addiction struggles. Addiction Center. September 9, 2021. Accessed September 30, 2021. 

5. Jackson D. Everything Michael K. Williams has said about addiction and his mental health struggles. 

. September 24, 2021. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

6. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: a research-based guide. Revised January 2014. Accessed September 30, 2021.

7. Netherland J, Hansen HB. The war on drugs that wasn’t: wasted whiteness, “dirty doctors,” and race in media coverage of prescription opioid misuse. 

8. US Department of Health and Human Services. HHS acting secretary declares public health emergency to address national opioid crisis. October 26, 2017. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

9. White C. Progress against the opioid epidemic is not reaching Black Americans. 

. February 8, 2021. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

10. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Blacks experiencing fast-rising rates of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone. February 2020. Accessed September 26, 2021.

11. Goodnough A. In cities where it once reigned, heroin is disappearing. 

. May 18, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

12. United States Sentencing Commission. 2015 report to the Congress: impact of the fair sentencing act of 2010. 2015. Accessed September 26, 2021.

13. Ingraham C. White people are more likely to deal drugs, but black people are more likely to get arrested for it. 

. September 30, 2014. Accessed September 30, 2021. 

14. Winstanley EL, Stover AN. The impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents. 

15. Larson JJ, Graham DL, Singer LT, et al. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. 

How can psychiatrists improve substance use treatment for Black and pediatric patients?

The Opioid Crisis Is Neither a White Nor an Adult Problem

Are You Ready for the Annual Psychiatric Times World CME Conference? 

At the Annual Psychiatric Times World CME Conference, an all-star lineup of presenters will share their latest research. Check out this preview of the full agenda. 

 from the American Medical Association (AMA), opioid prescriptions have gone down 44.4% nationwide in the past decade, and 6.9% from 2019 to 2020. Yet the country is experiencing a worsening overdose epidemic.

In order to address the epidemic, the AMA is urging policymakers to remove barriers to evidence-based care, and thus reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes.

“The nation’s drug overdose and death epidemic has never just been about prescription opioids,” said AMA President Gerald E. Harmon, MD. “Physicians, have become more cautious about prescribing opioids, are trained to treat opioid use disorder and support evidence-based harm reduction strategies. We use PDMPs [prescription drug monitoring programs] as a tool, but they are not a panacea. Patients need policymakers, health insurance plans, national pharmacy chains and other stakeholders to change their focus and help us remove barriers to evidence-based care.”

The report shows that, despite increased use of PDMPs, overdose and deaths are spiking. According to the report, physicians and other mental health professionals used state PDMPs more than 910 million times in 2020, and about 750 million times in 2019.

“With record-breaking numbers of overdose deaths across the country, these are actions policymakers and other stakeholders must take,” Harmon said. “The medical community will continue to play its part, and overall, the focus of our national efforts must shift. Until further action is taken, we are doing a great injustice to our patients with pain, those with a mental illness and those with a substance use disorder.”

Here are the AMA’s 7 recommendations for policymakers:

1. Remove barriers to evidence-based care for patients with a substance use disorder (SUD), including removing prior authorization and step therapy for medications to treat opioid use disorder, continuing federal flexibilities for take-home medication for opioid treatment programs, and continuing telehealth options for patients.

2. Remove barriers to opioid medications and treatment for SUDs in jails and prisons. There is no legal, medical, or policy reason to deny access to mental health care for incarcerated individuals.

3. Protect families by increasing access to evidence-based care rather than using the threat of family separation for persons who are pregnant, peripartum, postpartum, and parenting.

4. Support patients with pain by rescinding arbitrary laws and policies focused on restricting access to multidisciplinary, multimodal pain care. This might mean requiring health insurance companies and other payers to make nonopioid pain care alternatives more accessible and affordable.

5. State insurance commissioners, attorneys general, and the US Department of Labor must increase efforts to review health insurers’ policies on a regular basis to ensure they comply with the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act—and hold them accountable if not.

6. Support increased efforts to expand sterile needle and syringe exchange services programs, decriminalize drug checking supplies, and urge manufacturers to make naloxone available over the counter.

7. Develop and implement systems to collect timely, adequate, and standardized data to identify at-risk populations, fully understand polysubstance drug use, and implement public health interventions that directly address removing structural and racial inequities.

“Policymakers and other stakeholders have a choice of whether to pursue evidence-based strategies to support patients’ access to lifesaving and life- affirming care. Every effort must be made to remove health inequities and other barriers for patients with substance use disorders, mental illness and patients with pain. More of our loved ones will suffer and die if these barriers remain,” said Bobby Mukkamala, MD, Chair of the AMA Substance Use and Pain Care Task Force.

To read more on states’ efforts to combat the opioid crisis, see 

Reducing Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths: States’ Prevention and Response Efforts

1. American Medical Association. 2021 Overdose Epidemic Report. September 21, 2021. 

https://end-overdose-epidemic.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/AMA-2021-Overdose-Epidemic-Report_92021.pdf

2. American Medical Association. Report shows decreases in opioid prescribing, increase in overdoses. News release. September 21, 2021. 

The American Medical Association is urging policymakers to act now to prevent further opioid overdose deaths. 

Addiction & Substance Use

The ABCs of Vaping

How to Talk to Teenagers About Substance Use

Chronic Adolescent THC Exposure: Mental Health Crisis?

The Opioid Crisis Is Neither a White Nor an Adult Problem

Are You Ready for the Annual Psychiatric Times World CME Conference?

The AMA’s 7 Recommendations for Reducing the Opioid Crisis

Substance Use: The Importance of Advocacy

A Vaccine to Treat Opioid Disorders: First Participant Enrolled in Trial

Harnessing Harm-Reduction Methods to Combat the Opioid Crisis

Afghanistan Veterans Struggling With Mental Health