
Once Again: Grief Is Not a Disorder, But It May Be Accompanied by Major Depression
The New York Times ran a front-page story regarding numerous controversies surrounding the DSM-5, most notably, the issue of eliminating the so-called bereavement exclusion in diagnosing a major depressive episode. Here, Dr Pies responds to Dr John Grohol, Psychologist and Editor of the Psychcentral Web site.
The New York Times recently ran a
Many thanks, John, for the thoughtful reflections on this controversial issue, and for generously referencing my earlier work! I’d like to add just a few comments, since nearly everything I believe about this issue is found in the “
First, it’s very unfortunate that the print edition of the New York Times article carried the headline, “
As you indicate, the debate is what to do when a “grieving” patient comes in within 2 months of a loved one’s death and meets the full DSM criteria for a major depressive episode. Should the diagnosis of major depression be denied or “excluded” simply because the person has experienced a recent death of a friend or family member and lacks certain “conditional” features, such as suicidal ideation and psychomotor retardation? Sid Zisook and I, along with many others, say “no.” [See Zisook and colleagues.4]
Put in colloquial terms, “If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, there’s a high probability it is a duck, until proved otherwise.” That is to say, just because a person is grieving over a loss does not mean she doesn’t (also) have a major depression, if she meets full symptom and duration criteria for it. As you suggest, grief and depression may coexist, and sometimes a severe depressive episode can actually interfere with the normal and adaptive process of grieving or mourning.
My earlier piece that you reference (“
Sid Zisook and I would agree with you that we should be very, very careful in assessing a person’s “depression” in the immediate aftermath of a major loss-whether of a loved one, a beloved pet, or a beloved job. We believe that the DSM-IV’s 2-week duration criterion for major depression (likely to be carried over in the DSM-5) is usually too little time to know what the person has, or will develop. I usually prefer to wait 3 to 4 weeks after a major loss before applying the diagnosis of a major depressive disorder. (There are exceptions: eg, if the person has strong suicidal intentions, or meets DSM criteria for melancholia). Often, in my experience, a bereaved person who is simply in a state of grief will show considerable improvement between weeks 2 and 4, whereas the person with an incipient major depression is about the same or worse. That said, grief is often not “over” after week 2 or week 4, and it may continue (with or without a coexisting major depression) for months or even years. Nobody has any business specifying a “cutoff” for ordinary or “productive” grief that is not complicated by serious, incapacitating depressive signs and symptoms!
It’s also important that we not mix up the argument for proper diagnosis with the issue of treatment. Sure, there is a risk that dropping the bereavement exclusion will encourage some harried doctors to prescribe antidepressants when medication is neither necessary nor appropriate. (Antidepressants are prescribed mainly by non-psychiatric MDs-sometimes after only a very brief evaluation.) But this is a problem to be addressed by better education of doctors and by ensuring greater access to specialists in mood disorder treatment. Basically, whether a depressed person has lost a loved one or not, antidepressants should be reserved for moderate to severe major depression that has not responded to “talk therapy.” Medication should rarely be the treatment of first recourse (exceptions: psychotic depression and severe melancholic major depression with a high suicide risk). The point is this: we should not jigger our diagnostic criteria in order to address a problem of medical education; ie, doctors need better training on when-and when not-to prescribe medication.
Finally, thanks for citing my recent piece on “
Thanks again, John, for covering this topic!
Best regards,
Ron Pies, MD
References 1. Carey B. Grief could join list of disorders. New York Times.
2. Grohol JM. Will depression include normal grieving too?
3. Pies R. The two worlds of grief and depression.
4. Zisook S, Reynolds CF 3rd, Pies R, et al. Bereavement, complicated grief, and DSM, part 1: depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:955-956.
5. Pies R. Is grief a mental disorder? No, but it may become one!
6. Zisook S, Simon NM, Reynolds CF 3rd, et al. Bereavement, complicated grief, and DSM, part 2: complicated grief. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1097-1098.
7. Pies R. Why psychiatry needs to scrap the DSM system: an immodest proposal.
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