
Performance Assessment of Late Career Practitioners: On the Horizon? Or Already Here?
A lively ongoing debate is examining the ethics and legality of age-based evaluation of clinicians.
Dr Ellison holds the Swank Foundation Endowed Chair in Memory Care and Geriatrics, Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, DE, and is Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
Did you know that FBI agents are required to retire at age 57? And that commercial pilots, national park rangers, and air traffic controllers face mandatory retirement at an age that many physicians consider prime years of professional fitness? In India, Central Health Service doctors must retire at
An aging physician workforce
Our physician workforce is indisputably aging. At present, more than a quarter of US physicians are 65 or older.2 Unlike many other professions in which retirement is earlier, medical practitioners often wish to continue working into their later years. Medical practice in later adulthood is sometimes a consequence of financial pressure in our era of increased life expectancy. In addition, many physicians avoid relinquishing some of the rewards associated with full participation in professional life.
Age itself does not detract from the quality of a physician’s performance; in fact, age is often associated with greater stress tolerance, resilience, and wisdom. But aging has also been linked with changes in physical and cognitive functioning that can directly affect skills required to carry out clinical work.
The
Age-related cognitive changes
Physicians’ cognitive decline has been claimed to lag behind that of the general population, ostensibly because of high baseline ability and cognitive reserve reinforced through years of intellectual activity.4 Cognitive faculties known to change even with typical aging, however, are integral to excellent professional performance. Complex attention is required to sustain the intake of auditory and visual information while attending to the multiple tasks that constitute a clinical encounter. Intact working and short-term memory support the integration of novel information for use in decision-making. Executive function assists in the recognition of unexpected data, the correction of errors, and the development of an optimal treatment plan. Aging is often accompanied by greater reliance on pattern-based cognitive processing, which can lack flexibility, and decrements in working memory and processing speed that support complex attention and executive function.5
Short of an actual neurocognitive disorder, the significance of age-associated changes in physician performance remains controversial, but growing evidence suggests there is reason for concern. Aging of physicians and time since graduation have been correlated with decrements in history taking, physical examination, record keeping, and problem solving6 as well as higher mortality with some complex surgical procedures.7 An
Screening for fitness based on age represents a clear departure from the most prevalent current practice, which is to evaluate only when this is suggested by patient complaints or peer concerns. Interestingly, data from comprehensive evaluations of older physicians referred for assessment on the basis of such concerns have typically documented a high rate of cognitive performance issues among the referred individuals.9 Unfortunately, physicians are not necessarily good judges of their own performance,10 and reliance on reports from peers has not proved sufficient.11
Aging, of course, is only one of many factors that affect physician performance. Patient volume and population characteristics, support resources and work environment, documentation requirements, adoption of electronic health records, and professional burnout are among other important influences on the quality of care provided.
Age-based screening spurs debate
National policies for age-based screening of physical and cognitive status of physicians are already an accepted part of medical practice in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries. In the United States, by contrast, policies are springing up locally and their requirements are inconsistent. Based on the groundbreaking work of
At the
References:
1. Kaul R.
2. Young A, Chaudhry HJ, Pei X, et al.
3. American College of Surgeons (ACS). Statement on the Aging Surgeon. ACS website.
4. Powell DH, Whitla DA. Profiles in Cognitive Aging. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press; 1994.
5. Eva KW.
6. Caulford PG, Lamb SB, Kaigas TB, et al.
7. Waljee JF, Greenfield LJ, Dimick JB, et al.
8. Choudhry NK, Fletcher RH, Soumerai SB.
9. Korinek LL, Thompson LL, McRae C, Korinek E.
10. Davis DA, Mazmanian PE, Fordis M, et al.
11. DesRoches CM, Rao SR, Fromson JA, et al.
12. California Public Protection and Physician Health, Inc. Assessing Late Career Practitioners: Policies and Procedures for Age-based Screening.
13. Krieger LM. Stanford doctors fight age-related test of fitness to practice. The Mercury News. June 8, 2015.
14. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967.
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