
- Vol 38, Issue 1
- Volume 38
- Issue 01
The Psychiatric Potential of Statins
Preliminary studies suggest that adjuvant treatment with a statin may be beneficial for patients who are also prescribed psychotropic drugs for depression and schizophrenia.
PSYCHOSOMATICS
Decades of research have investigated inflammation and mental illness, suggesting that there is a robust and complex link. However, the link lacks diagnostic specificity and varies considerably among individuals, and with each stage of illness. Chronic, low-grade
Statins are best known as competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Statin treatment results in lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and in benefits to cardiovascular health. Statins also have anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action, including T-cell downregulation, suppression of cytokines, production of chemokines and C-reactive protein, and downregulation of transcription factors.3 In a post hoc, pooled analysis (N = 969) of data collected at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up from a study of patients with acute coronary syndrome, statin treatment was shown to reduce levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18. Raised levels of these cytokines appeared to predict depression after acute coronary syndrome.4
Addressing Depression Symptoms
Many epidemiological studies have shown that
Evidence from clinical trials suggests that, adjuvant to treatment with antidepressants, some statins are associated with better treatment outcomes. A
The Use of Statins in Schizophrenia
A trial comparing simvastatin (n = 33) with placebo (n = 33) in participants with schizophrenia treated with risperidone found significantly higher reduction in the first group in negative symptom scores (P = .003) and total score (P = .001). These results measured the time period from baseline to week 8, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).11 Simvastatin did not significantly differ from placebo for treating schizophrenia in an underpowered study (N = 36).12
Two meta-analyses of statin add-on therapy in the antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia have been conducted.
Depression, Anxiety, and CVD
Depression15 and anxiety16 have been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), independent of psychotropic medication use. This comorbidity is bidirectional, since depression is a common outcome after myocardial infarction and is also associated with higher comorbidity and mortality.17 In this context, treatment with statins may have an important dual purpose, with benefits to both mental and cardiovascular health. Evidence from a nested case-control study has shown that exposure to statins and aspirin is associated with a reduced risk of de novo major depression.18
Atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin are lipophilic, while pravastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin, and fluvastatin are hydrophilic. The lipophilic statins readily cross the blood-brain barrier. Hydrophilic statins or their active metabolites may also be detected in the brain, although less readily. Laboratory studies have suggested that statins may be neuroprotective against a range of neurotoxic insults, but statins themselves may be neurotoxic at higher concentrations than those obtained at therapeutic doses.19 The best evidence that statins reduce markers of inflammation is derived from the JUPITER study of rosuvastatin.20 It is unclear whether brain penetrance or reduction in peripheral markers of inflammation is the more important mechanism in terms of potential therapeutic efficacy.
Risk of Drug-Drug Interactions
There is a potential for drug-drug interactions between statins and psychotropic agents (
Antipsychotics may upregulate gene expression of lipid metabolism pathways, resulting in metabolic side effects, weight gain, and dyslipidemia. Individuals receiving antipsychotics may have reduced response to treatment with statins for dyslipidemia, with a common gene variant (SREBF1) for a transcription factor in the lipid metabolism pathway.24 Dyslipidemia in individuals treated with antipsychotics may benefit from personalised treatment plans, in which statins may have an important but variable role.
In the clinical setting, medication changes, dose adjustments, and polypharmacy are common in psychiatric practice and are associated with a greater risk of adverse effects. Adding a statin to an existing regimen entails an additional risk that needs to be considered when the statin is first introduced and whenever there are changes to comedications throughout the course of treatment. Case reports on statins and psychotropic comedications have identified rare adverse events of rash,25 QTc interval prolongation,26 and rhabdomyolysis.27
Concluding Thoughts
Preliminary evidence, mainly from small studies, suggests that adjuvant treatment with a statin may be beneficial for individuals taking psychotropic drugs for depression and schizophrenia. People with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia are substantially more vulnerable to metabolic syndrome and earlier age of mortality than the general population, predominantly from CVD. Such medical comorbidities warrant aggressive prophylactic therapy with available agents, including statins. Thus, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that combining statin therapy with antidepressant or antipsychotic therapy may be sensible for patients with comorbidities when both pharmacotherapies are indicated. However, adjuvant treatment with a statin purely as an augmentation strategy for psychopharmacotherapy is still experimental. Although there is a good theoretical basis and promising preliminary data, further research is required, especially larger, multisite, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials.
Dr Dodd is a principal fellow in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, a clinical associate professor at the Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, and a clinical associate professor in the School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. Dr Giménez-Palomo is a psychiatrist in the Hospital Clinic de Barcelona in Spain and a researcher at IMPACT, Univer-sity Hospital Geelong, Australia. Dr Berk is the Alfred Deakin Professor of Psychiatry and director of IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
References
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4. Kim SW, Kang HJ, Bae KY, et al. Interactions between pro-inflammatory cytokines and statins on depression in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;80(Pt C):250-254.
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10. Quinn AL, Dean OM, Davey CG, et al. Youth Depression Alleviation-Augmentation with an anti-inflammatory agent (YoDA-A): protocol and rationale for a placebo-controlled randomized trial of rosuvastatin and aspirin. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018;12(1):45-54.
11. Tajik-Esmaeeli S, Moazen-Zadeh E, Abbasi N, et al. Simvastatin adjunct therapy for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;32(2):87-94.
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15. Van der Kooy K, van Hout H, Marwijk H, et al. Depression and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(7):613-626.
16. Batelaan NM, Seldenrijk A, Bot M, et al. Anxiety and new onset of cardiovascular disease: critical review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(3):223-231.
17. Berkman LF, Blumenthal J, Burg M, et al. Effects of treating depression and low perceived social support on clinical events after myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3106-3116.
18. Williams LJ, Pasco JA, Mohebbi M, et al. Statin and aspirin use and the risk of mood disorders among men. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;19(6):pyw008.
19. Wood WG, Eckert GP, Igbavboa U, Müller WE. Statins and neuroprotection: a prescription to move the field forward. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1199:69-76.
20. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al; JUPITER Trial Study Group. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9670):1175-1182.
21. Palleria C, Roberti R, Iannone LF, et al.
22. Andrade C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drug interactions in patients receiving statins. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(2):e95-e99.
23. Mintzer S, Trinka E, Kraemer G, et al.
24. Vassas TJ, Burghardt KJ, Ellingrod VL. Pharmacogenomics of sterol synthesis and statin use in schizophrenia subjects treated with antipsychotics. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15(1):61-67.
25. Walder A, Baumann P. Mood stabilizer therapy and pravastatin: higher risk for adverse skin reactions? Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2009;52(1):15-18.
26. Furst BA, Champion KM, Pierre JM, et al. Possible association of QTc interval prolongation with co-administration of quetiapine and lovastatin. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51(3):264-265.
27. Golomb BA, Evans MA. Statin adverse effects: a review of the literature and evidence for a mitochondrial mechanism. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2008;8(6):373-418. ❒
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