Rethink “treatment-resistant depression” by adopting difficult-to-treat depression, verifying adequate trials, and stratifying drivers like trauma and inflammation to improve outcomes.
Vortioxetine eases depression in older adults, while cognitive gains stay mixed—showing selective boosts in attention and processing speed, not consistent global improvement.
Open-label extension data show fasedienol appears well tolerated and steadily improves social anxiety scores with as-needed intranasal use, as Vistagen plans FDA discussions.