- Vol 41, Issue 12
A Continued Evolution
Key Takeaways
- Psychiatry has advanced with novel pharmacological agents and digital therapeutics, despite challenges from a corporate-centric healthcare system.
- Xanomeline/trospium introduces a new mechanism for schizophrenia treatment, differing from traditional dopamine receptor antagonists.
Psychiatry: one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving specialties in medicine.
Psychiatry continues to be one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving specialties in medicine. Over the past decade, we have seen a whirlwind of innovation and advances: novel pharmacological agents, the rise of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–authorized prescription digital therapeutics (PDTs), the rapid pivot and adaptation to virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic, and efforts to expand access to treatment by increasing the number of psychiatry residents, psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners, and psychiatric physician assistants. However, in my view, this progress has been hampered by the simultaneous transition of medicine from a patient-centric institution to a corporate/insurance-centric institution.
The good news is that, as the backbone of medicine, psychiatry is in a unique position to steer the continued evolution of medicine to a patient-centric culture. By working together and promoting a unified stance toward compassionate, responsible, ethical, accessible, and evidence-based health care delivery, we can ensure that innovations of today and tomorrow serve the needs of those who matter most: our patients.
A History of Innovations
To better understand where we are today, we need to reflect on our previous advances. I am fascinated by the fact that 3 of the most significant psychopharmacological advances in the past 10 years resulted from innovation and understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of medications that have existed for decades (
2024’s Novel Agent
The FDA approved the medication combination
Xanomeline/trospium, on the other hand, has no affinity to dopamine receptors.2 Its mechanism is hypothesized to be secondary to xanomeline’s potent agonism at muscarinic cholinergic receptors 1 and 4, which are prominent in the brain’s prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum, areas believed to be associated with positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Xanomeline is believed to decrease presynaptic dopamine release in these 2 areas while having no effect on other dopamine tracts that are related to endocrine function and movement disorders.
The development of xanomeline/trospium is an example of innovation by an industry outsider that persevered against all odds and ultimately created a medication combination that has initiated a new paradigm in the understanding and treatment of
Prescription Digital Therapeutics
An exciting and rapidly growing technology is digital therapeutics, which are apps that augment or supplement traditional medical treatments. An advantage of these therapeutics is that they can be used when patients need them and are available wherever patients happen to be. Unlike the wide variety of apps available, these therapeutics have been well vetted by the FDA. Unfortunately, insurance reimbursement represents a huge obstacle to their access. Again, patient-centric treatments are marginalized by the insurance-centric health care system. In fact, Pear Therapeutics went bankrupt due to the lack of insurance coverage for their cognitive behavior therapy–based apps. The apps, reSET and reSET-O, which were designed for
November 2024 saw a turn for the positive, as Medicare confirmed it would provide coverage for some mental health apps starting on January 1, 2025. Three new treatment/billing codes are being created “to describe these services and will monitor how digital mental health treatment devices are used as part of overall behavioral health care.”3
Although more than 20,000 mental health apps are available for download through the Apple App Store or Google Play Store, a very tiny subset—fewer than 10 apps—have been cleared by the FDA as PDTs (
PDTs are a rapidly growing area of interest, especially as health care needs continue to exceed clinician availability. Most of the apps in the pipeline simply require a smartphone or tablet, making them readily accessible to a population ubiquitously using these devices and fluent with them. Of course, in order to prescribe PDTs, health care providers must learn how these PDTs operate, how they can be integrated into ongoing patient treatments, and how to educate their patients about their beneficial role in treatment.
Looking to 2025
Although we have made great strides in psychiatry this past decade, including this year, I am concerned that our patients may not be receiving the benefits of these treatments. Brief inpatient psychiatric admissions, poor communication of inpatient psychiatric providers with their outpatient counterparts, the commonly practiced 15-minute medication appointment, overbooked schedules, electronic documentation demands, returning calls to patients and pharmacies, prior authorizations, and exhaustion at the end of a long day of clinical practice converge to minimize the well-intentioned plans to educate ourselves about the enormous amount of new information and new treatments.
Curiously, the very institutions that exist to educate students in training—medical schools, residency programs, major medical centers, hospital systems, nursing schools, large treatment networks, nurse practitioner and physician assistant training programs—commonly insulate students from, rather than educate students about, the advances during the prior decade. For example, in speaking with clinicians around the country, I continue to be perplexed by the lack of knowledge of basic psychopharmacological tasks: how to perform an Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale examination, how to differentiate the various movement disorders secondary to dopamine-2 receptor–blocking drugs, and how the treatment of these disorders varies dramatically among them.
What are you seeing? What are your frustrations and solutions? What must we consider during this continued evolution to keep us and the field patient-centric? As we look to the New Year, I welcome your ideas, recommendations, and perspectives based on your experiences of how well we are educating each other about novel treatments, and I will write a follow-up editorial to share your responses.
Dr Miller is Medical Director, Brain Health, Exeter, New Hampshire; Editor in Chief, Psychiatric Times; Staff Psychiatrist, Seacoast Mental Health Center, Exeter; Consulting Psychiatrist, Insight Meditation Society, Barre, Massachusetts.
References
1. Cobenfy. Prescribing information. Bristol Myers Squibb; 2024. Accessed November 11, 2024.
2. Miller JJ.
3. Calendar year 2025 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule final rule. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. November 1, 2024. Accessed November 11, 2024.
Articles in this issue
10 months ago
Criminal Sanctions, Psychosis, and Mortality10 months ago
Study Finds ERPOs Can Prevent Suicide by Firearms10 months ago
Wounds10 months ago
Psychopharmacology Innovations10 months ago
A Year of Progress and ChallengesNewsletter
Receive trusted psychiatric news, expert analysis, and clinical insights — subscribe today to support your practice and your patients.