
Ketamine, TMS Show Promise in Treatment-Resistant Depression in Older Adults
Key Takeaways
- Ketamine and TMS show potential for treating TRD in older adults, but evidence quality is weak, requiring further research.
- Aripiprazole augmentation and NCCR demonstrated potential in improving remission rates in older adults with TRD.
A recent study found that ketamine and transcranial magnetic stimulation show promise in treating treatment-resistant depression in older adults.
Ketamine and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) show potential for treating treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in older adults, according to a March 2025 study. The systematic review accounted for various pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for TRD, analyzing 14 randomized controlled trials involving 1196 participants, evaluating remission rates and treatment efficiency.1
The mean age of all study participants was 65, ranging from 55.2 to 75.9. Women made up 55.5% of the participant population with 648 participants, and 458 being male.1 Investigators researched the likelihood of achieving remission across all the studies, finding that over study periods of 1 to 12 weeks, the overall odds of remission was 37% (95% CI = 0.26 to 0.45). In analyzing active intervention compared with placebo, active intervention was found to have an odds ratio (OR) of 2.42 (95% CI = 1.49 to 3.92).1
Aripiprazole augmentation showed potential in improving remission rates, with an OR of 1.93 (95% CI = 1.04 – 3.58).1 In the February 2025 study, aripiprazole augmentation appeared to be an effective treatment with an acceptable adverse effect profile.2 A single study found that prescription guided by pharmacogenetic testing significantly improved outcomes (OR 3.20, 95% CI = 1.26 – 8.14). Over 24 weeks, clinicians had access to test results for intervention, and assessors were blinded until week 8.1 High dose selegiline showed to significantly improve depressive symptoms in patients, with a 37.4% in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores. Lithium showed a greater rate of remission than phenelzine, with a 33% reduction to phenelzine’s 0%.1
Cognitive and psychological interventions were also examined, including neuroplasticity-based computerized cognitive remediation (NCCR). This intervention significantly improved remission rates in 1 trial lasting 4 weeks (OR 21.25, 95% CI = 2.31 – 195.64).1 Participants took part in activities that target the cognitive control deficits thought to influence depression and its poor outcomes in older populations. Investigators offered online activities targeting the processing of sensory stimuli as a depression treatment.1
Investigators recommend large-scale studies to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of newer interventions, like ketamine and
References
1. Larsen AJ, Teobaldi G, Espinoza Jeraldo RI, et al.
2. Moyano BP, Bautista DG, Porras Ibarra KJ, et al.
3. Gardner C. Yale-led study will compare effectiveness of iv ketamine and esketamine nasal spray. Psychiatric Times. January 30, 2025.
4. Abdoli N, Salari N, Darvishi N, et al.
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