Non-stimulant ADHD medications provide essential treatment alternatives when stimulants are contraindicated or insufficient, with four primary options available: atomoxetine, extended-release guanfacine, extended-release clonidine, and viloxazine. Treatment selection depends on individual patient needs, severity of symptoms, and family preferences, with research supporting atomoxetine and viloxazine as having the strongest effect sizes among non-stimulants. These medications offer particular benefits for patients with comorbid conditions or those who cannot tolerate stimulant side effects.

Atomoxetine and viloxazine function as norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, targeting neurotransmitter systems involved in attention, distractibility, and response inhibition. Atomoxetine requires weight-based dosing (1.2-1.4 mg/kg) and takes approximately four weeks to show therapeutic effects, while viloxazine demonstrates faster response times around two weeks. Both medications carry important safety considerations including potential for increased suicidal ideation, requiring careful monitoring and education about distinguishing medication-related intrusive thoughts from situational mental health concerns.

Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine and clonidine extended-release) offer 12-24 hour duration with treatment responses typically visible within two weeks. These medications require cardiovascular monitoring including baseline EKGs due to their blood pressure and heart rate effects. Clinical practice often utilizes these medications as adjunctive treatments or "boosters" to extend stimulant coverage during morning or evening hours when primary medications wear off. Flexible dosing strategies, such as dividing daily doses throughout the day rather than single bedtime administration, can significantly improve impulse control and behavioral regulation throughout waking hours.

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