Overview of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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ADHD in Pediatric Populations

ADHD Overview

• ADHD is characterized by a pattern of inattention and hyperactive, impulsive behavior that interferes with functioning and development

Epidemiology

• Affects approximately 10.5% of US children aged 3 to 17 years
• Prevalence increases with age and is highest in adolescents 12 to 17 years (15.5%)
• Gender disparity: 13.3% of boys vs 7.5% of girls

Clinical Presentation

• Inattention symptoms: frequent distraction, forgetfulness, disorganization, inability to follow instructions or complete tasks
• Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms: constantly “on the go,” impatience, disruptive behavior, excessive talking, potentially dangerous activities (example given of 4-year-old child climbing onto roof)

Etiology

• Strong genetic component (described as “heritable as height”)
• Associated risk factors:
  • Idiopathic epilepsy
  • Visual and hearing impairment
  • Prematurity
  • Prenatal exposure to smoking
  • Very low birth weight
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Reduced behavioral inhibition

Upcoming Content

• Treatment options for pediatric ADHD
• Best practices for transitioning ADHD management from pediatric to adult care
• Emerging therapies for ADHD