Also In This Special Report
Roueen Rafeyan, MD, DFAPA, FASAM
Nancy Shenoi, MD; Richa Vijayvargiya, MD
Social media is here to stay, and its use must be a consideration in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, particularly substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder.
SPECIAL REPORT: ADDICTION
Today, around the world, 4.9 billion individuals use social media, spending an average of 2.4 hours on platforms each day.1 However, social media has a dark side. Not only can the platforms be addictive, but in many cases social media exposure can facilitate other addictive behaviors including substance misuse and alcohol abuse. Here, we will review research on both the addictive aspects of social media and its interconnection with substance-related problems. The relevant similarities and differences among social media, alcohol, and drugs are summarized in the
Common Neural Pathways
Social media use and the use of addictive substances share some characteristics, as they are both activities that our brains may perceive as rewarding. Rewarding activities activate the brain’s mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway. Drives for primary rewards (eg, food) and secondary reward (eg, money) are essential for human survival.2 Unfortunately, addictive substances like opiates, cocaine, alcohol, and others hijack these neural pathways in ways that lead to undesirable outcomes.
Further, research on Instagram addiction shows not only activation of the reward pathway but also deactivation of the executive control network, which is important for decision-making, problem-solving, and goal-directed behavior.4 This pattern of neural changes (ie, activation of the reward pathway paired with deactivation of executive control) is common to a range of addictive behaviors, including social media addiction and substance-related problems. In addition, the timeline of important maturational changes in the prefrontal cortex, associated with executive control, may increase vulnerability to social media–related problems at either end of the lifespan. This is apparent in the frequent media reports of teens and older adults falling prey to misinformation and online scams.
Common Behavioral Trajectories
Social media addiction, while not yet a medically recognized disorder, is described as a hazardous commitment to social media that consumes a large amount of a person’s time, such that real-world activities and relationships receive inadequate attention compared with the constructed reality of social media.5,6 Approximately 43% of social media users exhibit these symptoms,7 which can lead to negative consequences at school and work.8
There are significant similarities between the behavioral stages of social media addiction and those experienced in
Psychiatric Comorbidity
Various maladaptive social media behaviors have been linked to preexisting psychiatric conditions, including features of cluster B disorders and AUD. In our work, we have found that the maladaptive online behavior of sadfishing (exaggerating one’s emotional state online to generate sympathy14) is significantly associated with the attention-seeking aspects of histrionic personality disorder, as well as the use of social media while intoxicated.15 Sadfishing may be particularly dangerous because it negatively affects mental health and exposes vulnerable individuals to online predators.16 Potential clinical interventions for sadfishing include developing healthy coping mechanisms and strengthening the client’s ability to self-soothe.17 In addition, the concurrent use of social media with alcohol or drugs is obviously problematic. The disinhibition of intoxication may lead to inappropriate online openness, such as posting embarrassing images or disclosing harmful personal information online.15 This intoxication-related loss of control over self-presentation often leads to regret and other negative consequences.18 Individuals who post about their own intoxication may also unintentionally influence others in their peer group to use addictive substances, thus spreading the problem.
Challenges for Clinicians
Social media hazards and addiction risk are clearly intertwined (see
Roueen Rafeyan, MD, DFAPA, FASAM
Nancy Shenoi, MD; Richa Vijayvargiya, MD
However, addressing social media addiction, or treating an SUD or AUD in social media users, is challenging. In today’s world, it is nearly impossible to remain abstinent from social media. The maintenance of a positive social media presence is a social expectation for most and a career requirement for many. Researchers have suggested that the types of treatment approaches that are commonly used for eating disorders (eg,
Future Directions
Although social media has expanded our ability to communicate with others across the globe, in many ways it has simply reduced the entire world to a small town where anonymity is limited, fears of stigma are heightened, and the need for reputation management can be overwhelming. Numerous studies have documented how these specific conditions tend to hinder readiness to change and adversely impact addiction recovery.22 In the past, geographical changes could sometimes provide a fresh start. But now, “the internet is forever”23 and there is nowhere to hide.
Yet, efforts are underway to harness the power of social media and use it as a force for good. For example, Jha and Singh24 describe a public, open-source, web-based application named SMARTS that harvests real-time user-reported information from popular social media platforms and then uses it to identify individuals whose online activities mark them as being potentially open to a drug recovery intervention. As machine learning techniques advance, our ability to apply these predictive models in real time is expected to improve. Other researchers describe automated 2-way communication programs that similarly monitor content and intervene when an individual’s social media bubble contains information predictive of substance-related harm.25
Finally, researchers also note that positive engagement with more traditional online “sober social networks” can help individuals build resilience, self-efficacy, and positive recovery identity, all of which are associated with effective and sustainable recovery.26 However, the ever-changing landscape of social media makes it difficult to know where best to direct these efforts. One thing is clear: Age-differentiated strategies are needed. Data show that adolescents prefer very different platforms from middle-aged or older adults, and most importantly, teens tend to abandon platforms once they have detected the presence of other age groups in their space.1 Keeping up with their migration would be a significant challenge for any social media-based intervention effort targeting adolescents.
Concluding Thoughts
Social media is here to stay, and its use must be a consideration in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, particularly SUD and AUD. This article has covered similarities and differences between excessive social media use and other types of addiction. As researchers gain a better understanding of how social media influences the mental health and well-being of individuals and groups, we will discover more effective ways to use this powerful tool for good and to limit its harms.
Dr Ceballos is chair of psychology at Texas State University. Ms Petrofes is a graduate of the department of psychology at Texas State University.
References
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16. Mahmood B. ‘Sadfishing’ is playing into hands of paedophiles and bullies. Metro. October 1, 2019. Accessed July 2, 2024.
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21. McGinnis P. Social theory at HBS: McGinnis’ two FOs. No Passport Required – The Travel Musings of Patrick J. McGinnis. January 3, 2010. Accessed July 2, 2024.
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