Marga Vicedo, PhD

In the 1930s and 1940s, researchers identified childhood autism as a unique condition. At the same time, many believed that children became autistic because they had cold, intellectual, emotionally withholding mothers.

But Clara Park, a woman whose daughter had autism, set out to understand autism differently and, along with other families and dedicated researchers, she upended the medical establishment’s view of her daughter’s condition.

In this Mental Health Minute, Marga Vicedo, PhD, discusses her recent book, 

Intelligent Love: The Story of Clara Park, Her Autistic Daughter, and the Myth of the Refrigerator Mother

. Along with telling Park’s story, the book shows how medical research can both reflect social attitudes and change them.

is professor of the history of science and medicine in the Institute for the History of Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. She is the author of 

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Looking Back to Look Forward
This MONTH in PSYCHIATRY

The First International Congress on Infantile Psychiatry took place in July 1937, in Paris, France, as part of the International Exposition of Paris. Organized by leading French psychiatrist Dr Georges Heuyer, the Congress attracted participants from more than 20 countries, including Hungary, Austria, Belgium, Germany, England, Portugal, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland as well as from places further afield, including the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Egypt.

 The international success of the meeting attested to the vibrancy of a field that was itself barely beyond its infancy.

Interestingly, the first 45 volumes of the 

(1844-1889) did not include a single article on 

by British psychiatrist Henry Maudsley, FRCP, was the first major work to include a chapter on “The insanity of early life.” Dr John Langdon Down’s 

On Some of the Mental Affections of Childhood and Youth 

of 1887 pioneered the study of children’s intellectual disabilities. In 1899, the term 

 (in French) was first used as a subtitle in Dr Marcel Manheimer’s monograph 

 Then, the early decades of the 20th century witnessed a growing interest in childhood, thanks to the child guidance movement in the US and England, the rise of therapeutic pedagogy in Germany and Austria, and various social reform initiatives directed at solving the problems of “troublesome” children in the schools and juvenile delinquency.

At first, most psychiatrists saw children’s mental difficulties as early manifestations of adult conditions. In 1911, Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, MD, published his influential work on the schizophrenias, the conditions that Emil Kraepelin, MD, had included under 

Bleuler believed that schizophrenia was rare in childhood, but 4% of the cases he knew had an onset in children younger than 15 years.

Other conditions seemed to affect even infants. During the first decade of the 20th century, Italian psychiatrist Dr Sancte de Sanctis postulated the existence of a dementia praecocissima, which appeared in infants around two years of age. The Viennese psychologist and educator Theodor Heller, PhD, coined the term dementia infantilis for a condition that also afflicted young children.

 By the time Johns Hopkins University psychiatrist Leo Kanner, MD, published his 1935 

 textbook, the first of its kind in the English language; the volume ran more than 500 pages.

In Paris, delegates from many countries debated all sorts of children’s behavior maladjustments in 4 sections: general psychiatry, school psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, and discussions. Psychiatrists deliberated the significance of their contributions for pedagogues and for pediatricians, conscious that claiming legitimacy to treat a child’s mind required some negotiation.

 Swiss psychiatrist Jakob Lutz and French-American Louise Despert, MD, presented their work on childhood schizophrenia. Their subsequent publications listed numerous studies from colleagues in different countries about children who would later have various diagnoses ofschizophrenia or autism. This would become a lively area of research in the following decades.

The committee that organized the congress also created an international organization: the International Association for Child Psychiatry and Allied Professions. Swiss psychiatrist Moritz Tramer, MD, was elected permanent Secretary. The journal 

 that he had started in 1934 became the official publication of the organization.

 Excited about the field’s promising future, the delegates planned for the Second International Congress of Child Psychiatry to be held in Leipzig, Germany in 1941. World War II interfered, and the next congress would not take place until 1948 in London.

The war divided many of the newly self-defined child psychiatrists politically and intellectually, and it also destroyed their ability to communicate with each other. Thus, the war had tremendous consequences for the field. It also had a far-reaching impact on the mental health of many children, which became a major focus of research in the postwar period.

is is Professor of History of Science, Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto. She reports no conflicts of interest concerning the subject matter of this article.

1. Premier Congrès international de psychiatrie infantile, Paris, 24 juillet au 1er août 1937; 4 volumes. Lille: S.I.L.I.C. imprimerie; 1937.

2. Kanner L. Childhood psychosis: a historical overview.

1971;15:14-19. On the start of child psychiatry in the United States, see: Schowalter JE. 

A history of child and adolescent psychiatry in the United States

On Some of the Mental Affections of Childhood and Youth. 

5. Manheimer M. Les Troubles Mentaux de L’Enfance: Précis de Psychiátrie Infantile. Paris: Société d’Éditions Scientifiques; 1899.

Taming the Troublesome Child: American Families, Child Guidance, and the Limits of Psychiatric Authority. 

Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1999.

7. Bleuler E. Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Leipzig: Franz Deuticke; 1911, see: Kaplan RM. The name “schizophrenia” is heard worldwide. 

8. Parry-Jones W. Annotation: the history of child and adolescent psychiatry: its present day relevance. 

9. Vicedo M, Ilerbaig J. Leo Kanner’s call for a pediatric-psychiatric alliance. 

10. Schleimer K. The history of IACAPAPA: The International Association for Childe and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. https://iacapap.org/content/uploads/History_of_IACAPAP-75-YEARS.pdf. ❒

Articles

Solving the problems of “troublesome” children throughout the ages.