is a fellow in child and adolescent psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine.

Jack Turban, MD, MHS

Childhood: a carefree time for many. However, children today face countless sources of stress: academic pressure, schedules crammed with activities, lack of sleep, bullying, family instability, world events, social media, and more. Mental health issues among children are growing at a dangerous rate, and it is important that we use all of our innovative technologies to help them.

It is clear that far too many children are having trouble coping with the stresses of daily life. An estimated 7.7 million children

 have at least 1 mental health disorder, and half are not receiving the treatment they need. More broadly, an estimated 15 million children in the United States

 alone are in need of a psychiatrist. More than 4 million children and teenagers have been diagnosed with anxiety, and nearly 2 million have been diagnosed with depression, according to a study published in 

 This is resulting in far too many tragic outcomes. A study published in 

 reported that a fifth of deaths among children and adolescents in 2016 were suicides.

Yet with such a high demand for doctors, there are only approximately 8300 practicing child psychiatrists in this country.

 At a time when health care professionals are stretched thin, access to child psychiatry

 is at an all-time low, and the inequities of our health care system have been made clearer than ever. Can artificial intelligence (AI) help alleviate some of these problems?

AI, more broadly, is already “transforming the world,”

 and has found uses reading CT scan images, powering autonomous vehicles, assisting with national defense, and more. It is a powerful technology that will continue to be used in more areas, but how can it be applied to children’s mental health? Enter AI chatbots: programs designed to carry on realistic text- or voice-based conversations with patients and offer advice. They can be available to talk 24/7 and could be infinitely scalable, providing help to millions more people.

They are already helping in many situations. More than 40 different kinds of mental health chatbots exist, mostly focused on treating depression or autism.

 And they work: According to findings from a 2017 study by investigators from Stanford University School of Medicine and the developers of the aptly named “Woebot,” the bot was effective in reducing depression and seen as empathetic among college students after just 2 weeks of therapy modeled after cognitive behavioral therapy, a well-known method employed by many human therapists.

“The number of participants reporting that the bot felt empathic is noteworthy, and comments that referred to the bot as ‘he,’ ‘a friend,’ and a ‘fun little dude’ suggest that the perceived source of empathy was Woebot rather than the bot’s developers.”

In another study, Australian teenagers were tasked with helping develop a mental health chatbot, providing input on its gender and the type of slang it should use. (They chose a gender-neutral bot named Ash that was familiar with “brekky” for breakfast and “footy” for football.) The teenagers in that study said they were not always able to get help from existing school resources, and the investigators hoped the chatbot would be able to fill some of those gaps.

Chatbots have the potential to be a powerful tool to help millions—likely even more than the number of individuals diagnosed with anxiety or depression. As many individuals struggle with their mental well-being without a formal diagnosis of a mental health disorder, perhaps mental health chatbots could also help reduce the stigma associated with asking for help. But chatbots cannot be the only way we provide help to the most vulnerable among us. AI tools must be part of a holistic approach led by qualified and experienced doctors. Just as medication is not the only tool doctors use to treat illness or injury, chatbots must not be the only way we improve the mental health of children.

“Good mental health and well-being is about more than just a lack of illness,” the authors of the Australian study wrote. “Focusing on positive coping and building resiliency is important in establishing a holistic approach to health, addressing both physical and psychological experiences of youth. It is clear that young people being aware of mental health and well-being literacy has implications for the promotion of healthy well-being and early prevention of mental health disorders.”

We are facing a serious mental health crisis among young individuals, and we must use every tool at our disposal to help. AI is not replacing doctors—rather, it is a tool that allows for the democratization of care and increased access to combat noncomplex mental health issues. Doctors will remain a valuable asset for treating more complex disorders. However, chatbots are a powerful tool that should be adopted more widely because anything that can be used to improve the well-being of children must be considered.

is a graduate fellow in bioengineering and computer science at Stanford University School of Medicine. 

 is chief fellow in child and adolescent psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine.

US national and state-level prevalence of mental health disorders and disparities of mental health care use in children

The child psychiatrist will not see you now

. June 2, 2017. Accessed November 4, 2021.

3. Ghandour RM, Sherman LJ, Vladutiu CJ, et al. 

Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children

The major causes of death in children and adolescents in the United States

How artificial intelligence is transforming the world

. The Brookings Institution. April 24, 2018. Accessed November 4, 2021.

6. Abd-Alrazaq AA, Alajlani M, Alalwan AA, et al. 

An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: a scoping review

Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (Woebot): a randomized controlled trial

Co-developing a mental health and wellbeing chatbot with and for young people

Articles

An estimated 7.7 million children have at least 1 mental health disorder. How can chatbots help?

Chatbots for Child Mental Health Care: Helpful, but Limited

While many people may remember childhood as a carefree time, kids today face countless sources of stress: academic pressure, schedules crammed with activities, lack of sleep, bullying, family instability, world events, social media, and more. Mental health issues among children are 

, and it is important that we use all of our innovative technologies to help them.

 alone are in need of a psychiatrist. More than 4 million kids and teens have been diagnosed with anxiety, while nearly 2 million have been diagnosed with depression, according to a study published in the 

Yet, with such a high demand for doctors, there are only approximately 8300 practicing child psychiatrists in this country.

 is at an all-time low, and the inequities of our health care system have been made clearer than ever. Can artificial intelligence help alleviate some of these problems?

Artificial intelligence, more broadly, is already “transforming the world,”

 and has found uses reading CT scan images, powering autonomous vehicles, assisting with national defense, and more. It is a powerful technology that will continue to be used in more areas, but how can this powerful technology be applied to children’s mental health? Enter artificial intelligence chatbots: programs designed to carry on realistic text- or voice-based conversations with patients and offer advice. They can be available to talk 24/7 and could be infinitely scalable, providing a way to provide help to millions more people.

They are already helping in many situations. More than 40different kinds of mental health chatbots exist, mostly focused on treating depression or autism.

 And they work: A 2017 study by researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine and the developers of the aptly named “Woebot” found it was both effective in reducing depression and seen as empathetic among college students after just 2 weeks of therapy modeled after cognitive behavioral therapy, a well-known method employed by many human therapists.

In another study, Australian teens were tasked with helping develop a mental health chatbot, providing input on its gender and the type of slang it should use. (They chose a gender-neutral bot named Ash that was familiar with “brekky” for breakfast and “footy” for football.) Teens in that study said they were not always able to get help from existing school resources, and researchers hoped the chatbot would be able to fill some of those gaps.

Chatbots have the potential to be a powerful tool to help millions—likely even more than the number of individuals diagnosed with anxiety or depression. As many individuals struggle with their mental wellbeing without a formal diagnosis of a mental health disorder, perhaps mental health chatbots can also help reduce the stigma associated with asking for help. But chatbots cannot be the only way we provide help to the most vulnerable among us. Artificial intelligence tools must be part of a holistic approach led by qualified and experienced doctors. Just as medication is not the only tool doctors use to treat illness or injury, chatbots must not be the only way we improve the mental health of children.

“Good mental health and wellbeing is about more than just a lack of illness,” the authors of the Australian study wrote. “Focusing on positive coping and building resiliency is important in establishing a holistic approach to health, addressing both physical and psychological experiences of youth. It is clear that young people being aware of mental health and wellbeing literacy has implications for the promotion of healthy wellbeing and early prevention of mental health disorders.”

We are facing a serious mental health crisis among young individuals, and we must use every tool at our disposal to help. Artificial intelligence is not replacing doctors—rather, it is a tool that allows for democratization of care and increased access to combat noncomplex mental health issues. Doctors will remain a valuable asset for treating more complex disorders, and chatbots are a powerful tool that should be adopted more widely because anything that can be used to improve the wellbeing of children must be considered.

 is a graduate fellow in bioengineering and computer science at Stanford University School of Medicine. 

US National and state-level prevalence of mental health disorders and disparities of mental health care use in children

. April 24, 2018. Accessed November 4, 2021.

Chatbots have the potential to help millions. How can we use them to improve mental health in children?

Chatbots Can Fill Gaps in Mental Health Care for Children—To a Point

SPECIAL REPORT: SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES

Sadly, psychiatry has a dark history when it comes to the treatment of 

 (SGM) individuals. As a gay man, it was disappointing to recognize that our profession classified homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973. The field has similarly—and fairly, I should add—been criticized for inappropriately pathologizing transgender and genderdiverse people.

But I am also proud to say that our profession has made major strides in overcoming its past. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) and the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) have unambiguously stated that 

 are not pathological, but rather manifestations of healthy diversity. These associations have clearly labelled attempts to force SGM people to be non-SGM (eg, conversion therapies) as dangerous and unethical. Instead, we have developed protocols that affirm SGM individuals. We have recognized that the primary drivers of mental health problems among SGM individuals are societal stigma and rejection. Along with this recognition, we have started to build evidence-based protocols to help SGM youth build resilience in the face of these unjust adversities.

Politicians have not caught up with the mental health profession. SGM individuals continue to face discriminatory public policies that negatively impact their mental health. One recent example is legislative attempts to outlaw gender-affirming medical care for 

. Although this legislation was opposed by all relevant major medical organizations (the APA, AACAP, and the American Academy of Pediatrics, to name a few), politicians have aggressively pushed these bills forward. In Arkansas, one such bill just became law, putting young people in that state at high risk of mental health crises.

Special Considerations for SGM Youth Online

Mathijs F. G. Lucassen, PhD; and Ana M. Ugueto, PhD, ABPP

The Negative Impact of Current Legislation on Gender Diverse Adolescents

Alexis Chavez, MD; and Shervin Shadianloo, MD

In parallel with these attacks on SGM individuals from politicians, society has seen a resurgence of attacks on SGM individuals broadly, particularly SGM youth. 

 in particular have become targets—with high-profile media outlets pathologizing their identities. Many of us have seen this attitude trickle down to parents, who may come into the clinic noting that they have heard in the news or on television that they should not affirm their transgender children.

It is my hope that politicians and society at large will make the same shifts we made in psychiatry: recognizing that diverse gender identities and sexual orientations should be 

, not pathologized and attacked. But I also believe that it is the responsibility of every psychiatrist to spread evidence-based information about these populations.

In this Special Report, we focus specifically on the mental health of SGM youth. I hope readers will be inspired by the cutting-edge science and evidence-based recommendations inside this issue. I encourage readers to integrate these lessons into clinical practice, and take an active role in ongoing societal and political discourse so that we can best support these young individuals. Given the history of harm that psychiatry placed on the SGM community, it is the least we can do to support this vulnerable and marginalized population.

is a fellow in child and adolescent psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, where he researches the mental health of transgender youth. He reports that he receives textbook royalties from Spring Nature, and from expert witness testimony for the ACLU and Cooley LLP. He has received pilot research award for Gender Psychiatry Residents from the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, support by industry donors (Pfizer and Arbor), and is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Panorama Global. 

Homosexuality was classified as a mental illness until 1973. We have come a long way, but there is a lot further to go...

The Mental Health of SGM Youth: Embracing Affirmation

is a resident physician in adult-child and adolescent psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.

Videos

We can make treatment work during this pandemic, no matter how or where, even if it is from the bathtub with the door locked. Listen as Dr Turban talks more. 

Psychotherapy from the Bathtub

 is a resident physician in adult-child and adolescent psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.

There are things within our control: catching coronavirus may not be one of them. 

Out of Our Control: A Psychiatrist's Experience with Coronavirus

Dr Sorrentino is Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Medical Director, Institute for Sexual Wellness, Weymouth, MA. Dr Turban is a resident physician in adult-child and adolescent psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA. 

The authors report no conflicts of interest concerning the subject matter of this article.

 (directed by Luca Guadagnino) draws the moviegoer into the romantic and sexual development of Elio, a 17-year-old adolescent boy living in Northern Italy. The viewer watches him run through the typical trials of a teen working to understand sex and intimacy. At the start, he has a girlfriend who appears close to his age, with whom he experiments romantically. When a 24-year old American graduate student named Oliver moves into his house to study with Elio’s father, a professor, the movie takes an unexpected turn.

As Elio and Oliver spend time together exploring the town, their relationship becomes flirtatious. Elio finds himself sexually attracted to this older man but does not share his feelings with anyone. In Oliver’s early move, he gives Elio a massage while they’re outside. Elio, embarrassed, recoils. Elio next has sex with his girlfriend and relays this to Oliver, hoping for a jealous reaction. We then watch Elio sneak into Oliver’s room to smell his bathing suit. The process of Elio coming to understand his sexuality and how to communicate these things is a cumbersome process, and it all plays out onscreen.

Later in the film, Elio openly expresses his affection to Oliver. Oliver immediately tells Elio that they cannot act on this attraction, although he does not give an explicit reason why. Given that the movie takes place in the 1980s in Italy, the main fear is likely the stigma of homosexuality. The age consideration is likely an afterthought, particularly as the age of consent in Italy is 14. Despite Oliver’s initial hesitation, the two eventually initiate a sexual relationship. Elio’s parents seem to endorse this, and they approve for the two to go on a trip to Bergamo together.

Scenes quickly escalate to Elio and Oliver running drunk through the streets of Italy. Graduate student Oliver manages his alcohol tolerance well. Teenager Elio throws up, and Oliver subsequently kisses him-there is an implication that they then have sex. Questions of consent are raised in the viewer’s mind but not discussed in the film. Is it appropriate for a 24-year-old experienced in drinking to have sex with an inebriated and vomiting 17-year-old? Little is mentioned, and after the three-day fling, Oliver leaves and Elio returns home heartbroken. Elio’s father consoles him and speaks fondly of the experiences Elio has had with Oliver, suggesting he should savor the memories.

Developing intimacy as a gay or bisexual adolescent

Much of the movie is realistic. The adolescent process of developing romance and sexuality is complicated. For gay and bisexual young boys, it can be even more challenging. These kids are often afraid to talk to their parents or other confidants about their romantic and sexual interests for fear of rejection, and instead they go underground. In Elio’s case, he did not discuss his sexual exploration with anyone other than Oliver, who given his older age and experience, had significant power in the relationship and the potential to be exploitative.

Today in the US, the parallel activity is for teenage boys to experiment sexually online and on social networking apps (eg, Grindr). Taken together, data from the CDC

 suggest that one in four gay and bisexual boys between the ages of 14 and 17 are on these “hookup” apps. A total of 69% have had sex with someone from the apps and only 25% use condoms consistently.

 Because young gay and bisexual boys are exploring their sexuality in secret, they are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. In a 

, gay and bisexual young men opened up about how they were exploited, in secret, by older men on these apps purportedly geared toward adults.

Some controversial political pundits have argued that relationships between closeted young gay men and older gay men are beneficial. 

Some of those relationships between younger boys and older men, the sort of coming of age relationships, the relationships in which those older men help those young boys to discover who they are and give them security and safety and provide them with love and a reliable and sort of a rock where they can’t speak to their parents.

This is a cognitive distortion. It’s true that these young gay people need support and affirmation. It should not be in the context of a “relationship” with an older man who can be exploitative.

Elio’s father provides him with a strong message of affirmation at the end of the movie, accepting him for his homosexuality instead of shaming or chastising him. There is strong 

 that such messages of affirmation are associated with better mental health for LGBT kids.

 What was missing, however, was any concern about whether the relationship may have been dangerous. His father did not ask a single question about whether Elio felt in control in the relationship, if the power-dynamic was problematic, or if his sex was safe and consensual.

Age of consent vs developmentally appropriate consent

Age of consent varies dramatically from place to place. In Italy, the age of consent is 14. In California, it’s 18. Some have pointed out that these cutoffs are fairly arbitrary. What these laws are likely reaching toward is an understanding of when a relationship is developmentally inappropriate. In the case of Elio and Oliver, many viewers are likely uncomfortable because the poised and mature graduate student Oliver seems to have a strong power differential over Elio, who is younger and dependent on his parents. Elio’s immature limerence for the more confident and worldly Oliver may appear to come as a potential setup for manipulation.

Although this film may empower gay adolescents to embrace their sexuality, the film is not without peril. Critiques have chastised this film as “pedophilic.” This film is 

 about pedophilia (sexual attraction to prepubescent individuals) or hebephilia (sexual attraction to peripubescent individuals). This film is about sexual predation. Oliver looks much older than his reported age of 24 while Elio looks like a very young 17-year-old. The power disparity in the relationship is clear. Elio is fragile and sexually naive. Oliver is experienced and directive in the relationship. One could argue that Oliver grooms Elio by moving into the household, spending time with him, endearing trust before advancing to a sexual relationship that is secretive. Elio’s parents are portrayed as supportive of the relationship.

In the end, Elio is heartbroken when he learns that Oliver has moved on to another relationship. In the scene in which Elio’s father speaks favorably about the connection, there is no discussion about whether Elio felt manipulated or exploited. As is common with grooming, onlookers don’t identify or question the coercive nature of the relationship. Heralding such a film as a “masterpiece” is dangerous because it dismisses the exploitation in the relationship and is yet another example of the public’s reluctance to identify problematic sexual behavior. In light of the “Me Too Movement” and the endeavor to eradicate sexual abuse bred by an inappropriate power dynamic, this film promotes a dangerous message.

This article was originally published on 8/17/18 and has since been updated.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). June 14, 2018. 

https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/index.htm

2. Macapagal K, Moskowitz DA, Li DH, et al. 

Hookup App Use, Sexual Behavior, and Sexual Health Among Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States

3. Hanna B. Young Gay Men Talk About the Dangers of Having to Hide Their Love Lives 

https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59k4vq/young-gay-men-talk-about-the-dangers-of-having-to-hide-your-dating-life

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Milo_Yiannopoulos

5. Ryan C, Russell ST, Huebner D, et al. 

Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults

The typical trials of an teen working to understand sex and intimacy is compromised by an inappropriate power dynamic in this film, according to the authors.