Amanda Calhoun, MD, MPH

 death of 54-year-old actor, Michael K. Williams, confirmed to be due to an overdose of heroin, cocaine, and fentanyl,

 was a sobering reminder that the opioid crisis is far from a problem limited to white Americans, although it has 

 about his own struggles with substance abuse, and celebrities disclosing mental illness can be a powerful method to increase help-seeking behaviors, especially for minoritized communities.

 In addition, he was quite invested in community work for children, founding 

, a charitable organization that creates community centers to provide children with safe places to play and to learn. Williams himself experienced significant childhood trauma and admitted that he began to use substances as an adolescent to 

 In fact, studies have shown that most adults who struggle with substance use disorders (SUDs) begin using substances 

 If psychiatrists want to combat the opioid epidemic, they must appreciate the needs of often-overlooked communities and start early—in childhood and adolescence.

I recently attended a lecture about the effects of maternal opioid use on newborns. The presenter showed slides depicting mothers with opioid use disorders (OUDs) through a humanizing, rather than criminalizing, lens. All these mothers happened to be white. This was a particularly troubling coincidence, given the racialization of drug use and the racist pattern in the media—the favorable portrayal of rural and suburban white opioid users versus the unfavorable portrayal of black opioid users living in urban communities.

 Black Americans with OUDs are too often represented as poor, urban, criminals injecting opioids. This is a racially inaccurate depiction in and of itself, given that Black individuals with OUDs also live in the suburbs and in rural areas.

In 2017, the US Department of Health and Human Services declared the opioid epidemic a 

 after witnessing the monumental number of deaths due to opioid overdose.

 Since then and through 2019, although white deaths have been on the decline, opioid overdose deaths in Black Americans, and in particular in Black men, have been 

 Synthetic opioids have hit Black communities disproportionately hard. From 2011 to 2016, Black Americans had the greatest increase in opioid-related death rates due to synthetic opioids, such as 

 and from 2016 to 2017, Black Americans experienced a 61% increase in synthetic opioid fatal overdoses, compared to a 

The current interventions used for OUDs, and arguably SUDs overall, are not working optimally for everyone. To be sure, white individuals have been harmed by the opioid crisis, and before the onset of fentanyl they had the highest rates and numbers of deaths due to opioid overdose.

 However, the opioid crisis is not only harming white people, and Black people are often left out when it comes to OUD interventions.

OUD treatment interventions should not be the same for all populations, because all populations are not treated equally when it comes to OUDs. The racist war on drugs, which disproportionately targeted 

 is only one example. Black individuals are disproportionately criminalized for SUDs, making it more difficult for them to trust and therefore access substance use treatment. Even though white individuals are more likely to sell drugs than Black individuals, Black individuals are 

 Black Americans are also more likely to be arrested for drug possession, even though white and Black individuals use substances at similar rates.

Racial disparities exist even in the distribution of psychopharmacological treatment for OUDs.

 There is differential access to buprenorphine and methadone, with the former less likely to be available in Black communities versus the latter. Methadone requires daily appointments, while buprenorphine is a take-home-pill. In essence, the more convenient treatment is less accessible for Black people. OUD interventions must do more to target Black communities specifically, and advertisements and slides for OUD interventions that feature white-only families misrepresent the true demographics of the epidemic. Black patients must be reassured that their SUDs will be humanized and treated as psychiatric disorders, not as punishable crimes.

During the opioid crisis, there has been less attention on the impact of OUD on children and adolescents. Although a myriad of research studies exist on OUDs’ impact on newborns, children 1 year or older get less attention when it comes to OUD research, with only 2% of federal funding for addiction research focusing on children or families.

 Beyond research, there is a need for clinical training on navigating OUDs in children and adolescents—and additionally, helping to prevent them. Children and adolescents of parents with OUDs should receive anticipatory guidance about opioid use, including support in understanding why they may be at greater risk for developing an OUD.

To be sure, child and adolescent psychiatrists have these sorts of conversations with their patients individually all the time, but having these conversations (or not) is often left up to the psychiatrist’s discretion, rather than having it be a standard of care. As an adult/child psychiatry resident, I have received the bulk of my training in SUDs from my time with adults, rather than with children.

While we are certainly trained to ask about SUDs in children and to monitor and treat them once they occur, what about preventing them? Perhaps newborns who suffer from neonatal abstinence syndrome should be flagged to receive preventative SUD care when they reach a certain age, although the long-term psychiatric outcomes of newborns exposed to opioids in utero is still a subject very much debated.

 Perhaps children who are exposed to trauma should be counseled about the risk of engaging in substance use, among risky behaviors, in an attempt to cope, especially if these children are already being seen by a child and adolescent psychiatrist for other reasons. One thing is for sure, the opioid crisis is far from a white people problem or an adult problem, for that matter. And, sadly, it is far from over.

 is an adult/child psychiatry resident at Yale Child Study Center/Yale School of Medicine. She is also a Public Voices Fellow of the OpEd Project at Yale University.

1. Gold M, Bromwich JE. Michael K. Williams died of a drug overdose, authorities say. 

. September 27, 2021. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

2. Shihipar A. The opioid crisis isn’t white. 

. February 26, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

3. Calhoun AJ, Gold JA. “I feel like I know them”: the positive effect of celebrity self-disclosure of mental illness. 

4. Murray E. Michael K. Williams never hid his addiction struggles. Addiction Center. September 9, 2021. Accessed September 30, 2021. 

5. Jackson D. Everything Michael K. Williams has said about addiction and his mental health struggles. 

. September 24, 2021. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

6. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: a research-based guide. Revised January 2014. Accessed September 30, 2021.

7. Netherland J, Hansen HB. The war on drugs that wasn’t: wasted whiteness, “dirty doctors,” and race in media coverage of prescription opioid misuse. 

8. US Department of Health and Human Services. HHS acting secretary declares public health emergency to address national opioid crisis. October 26, 2017. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

9. White C. Progress against the opioid epidemic is not reaching Black Americans. 

. February 8, 2021. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

10. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Blacks experiencing fast-rising rates of overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone. February 2020. Accessed September 26, 2021.

11. Goodnough A. In cities where it once reigned, heroin is disappearing. 

. May 18, 2019. Accessed September 26, 2021. 

12. United States Sentencing Commission. 2015 report to the Congress: impact of the fair sentencing act of 2010. 2015. Accessed September 26, 2021.

13. Ingraham C. White people are more likely to deal drugs, but black people are more likely to get arrested for it. 

. September 30, 2014. Accessed September 30, 2021. 

14. Winstanley EL, Stover AN. The impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents. 

15. Larson JJ, Graham DL, Singer LT, et al. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. 

Articles

How can psychiatrists improve substance use treatment for Black and pediatric patients?

The Opioid Crisis Is Neither a White Nor an Adult Problem

In a chilling scene of the television series, 

 set in rural North Carolina, an unnamed elderly white woman tauntingly sings these lyrics with a wide grin as she trespasses on the Black female protagonist Lucky’s property. This serenade foreshadows the racist violence that ensues after. This song, “Old Black Joe,” written by the “Father of American music,” 

 Foster also wrote many minstrel songs, a form of entertainment for white audiences in which white performers donned 

, a facial costume in which white individuals smeared their faces with burnt cork and drew on larger, red lips, with the intent of looking like Black/African-American individuals.

“Old Black Joe” represents an entire culture of songs, written by white composers, that were dehumanizing to Black individuals. These cringeworthy songs were enmeshed in American society to the detriment of the psychological wellbeing of Black individuals, and their songwriters are still memorialized even to this day. A statue of the renowned Stephen Foster, with an African slave sitting at his feet strumming a banjo, was only recently removed.

 is a horror/thriller series recently released on Amazon Prime. The series joins a growing collection of movies and television shows, like 

 that graphically illustrate 1 key point: the violence of white individuals towards Black individuals, simply due to the color of their skin, is scarier than any horror movie monster.

 expertly combines elements of reality and the supernatural to illustrate the horrors of racism and white supremacy to its audience. The series centers on a Black family who moves from the south to California in the 1950s, during a time in history known as the 

, in which Black families moved north to flee the racial violence of the South.

In fact, my mother’s family was one of them, having left the brutal environment of Mississippi for Ohio, hoping for a better life. I have cousins who were murdered by white individuals for attempting to register Black voters. My father’s family, from Macon, Georgia, remained in the South. My uncle, alive and well today, remembers seeing a Black man who had been lynched, swinging from a tree. He was just a child. His father, my grandfather, took pictures of the lynching and published it in a Black-owned Macon newspaper he led. White individuals in the area were furious—not because a Black man had been murdered, but because it had been publicized in the newspaper.

Black children have never had the luxury of being shielded from racism, and 

 highlights this. Ruby, the adolescent protagonist, is sent to the principal’s office for disrupting her class (the disruption being when she raises her hand to answer a question, her white classmates begin making sounds like a monkey). Gracie, the youngest in the family, is forced to see a myriad of Black dolls hanging from ropes in front of her house as she leaves for school. The dolls were placed there by her white neighbors to intimidate Gracie’s family into leaving the neighborhood.

 does not just give the audience a window into the lives of Black Americans, but it also gives a powerful account of the silenced truths of American history, the facts that are largely erased from history books in favor of a narrative that places white Americans in a more positive, nonviolent, light. The series illustrates the harassment and violence that Black Americans endured across the United States upon moving into predominantly white neighborhoods.

White families did not want to live next to Black families due to a host of fears, such as Black men raping white women, a common racist idea that was used to support the 

 This becomes especially ironic, given that rape of Black women by white men was a widely used 

 The series follows a group of housewives in the area who will stop at nothing to remove the Black family from their neighborhood. The series also delves deeper to show how realtors denied home loans or intentionally offered predatory loans to Black families with the goal of disadvantaging them. Viewers get the opportunity to watch how the color grading system, known as 

, developed by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation to place value on property values in a given area, plays out in the lives of 

 The series follows a female realtor who participates in this heinous system, and partners with a policeman, who only protects Black families from being murdered by white neighbors in return for a profit gained from the predatory home loan given to the Black family.

Although redlining is no longer technically legal today, homeowner racism is still very real, with Black homeowners still given 

 for the same property as their white peers.

, while no longer legal, is also still very much in effect.

Psychiatrists Need to Learn About White Supremacy

When some hear the words “white supremacy,” they think of extremist groups on the fringe of society. Indeed, this terminology was used to describe such groups in the past. But today, white supremacy is often used to describe a political and socioeconomic system in which those racialized as “white” enjoy structural advantages and rights that other racial groups do not. In this way, white supremacy is woven throughout American society. Psychiatrists must learn about the effects of white supremacy on Black Americans if they are to even begin to understand the plight of Black Americans and help them navigate it. Although a horror/thriller show with its share of supernatural monsters, 

 highlights the very real thoughts and behaviors of white Americans in a white supremacist system, many of which persist today. 

Racism and white supremacy incorporate many behaviors that one might deem antisocial, being executed seemingly without compassion or empathy for the lives of Black Americans. 

 shows us how white Americans murdered Black Americans with smiles on their faces, and as one character reports, “lynch Black people just for shade.” Thousands of Black Americans were 

, but these widespread, racially terrorizing behaviors of white Americans are largely left out of history accounts.

 Yet, one can easily turn to the internet to read about the 

 of white Americans having picnics with their families while they watched Black Americans be lynched.

 The ease with which white Americans justified their hateful behaviors towards Black individuals is upsetting, and disturbing to say the least.

Although Black Americans are no longer (openly) hung from trees (although, activists in the Black community still continue to be mysteriously lynched, 

), the continued murder of unarmed Black men by the police and the mass incarceration of a 

 for nonviolent crimes is but a manifestation of the same story.

 The murder of George Floyd has come to be known by many as a modernized lynching, and he the modern 

 Those who engage in racist acts are often everyday citizens rather than extremists, and this series shows this with gut-wrenching clarity.

Psychiatrists need to understand how damaging racism and white supremacy have been, and continue to be, for Black Americans. How can psychiatrists help Black Americans heal from the generational trauma of racism if they themselves do not even know what that trauma entailed? How can psychiatrists help Black Americans to navigate the white supremacy of today if they themselves have not learned about it?

Movies and television can be a powerful, visual way of learning about the plight of Black Americans. The media can be a gateway for psychiatrists to do further research, leading them to the mounting empirical evidence documenting the 

 of racism on the mental and physical health of Black Americans today.

 It is imperative that psychiatrists learn about white supremacy and racism if they are to rectify its traumatic and violent effects on Black Americans. Start by watching 

is a second year psychiatry resident at Yale School of Medicine/Yale Child Study Center in the Adult/Child Albert J. Solnit integrated program. Dr Calhoun’s research centers on the improvement of mental and physical health outcomes in Black Americans by targeting the trauma of racism. Dr Calhoun calls herself an “activist trainee” and through public speaking and writing, exposes current and historical racism in the medical system. She firmly believes that all doctors should be activists and promotes the integration of social justice teaching with medical education.

1. Friedman M. Can’t escape Stephen Foster. 

https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cant-escape-stephen-foster

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1997/05/11/in-tune-with-america/58e48ba7-361b-49a2-a98a-4b187e864ce2/

3. History.com editors. The Great Migration. 

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration

4. Hamblin J. Why we took cocaine out of soda. 

https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/01/why-we-took-cocaine-out-of-soda/272694/

5. Hale C, Matt M. The intersection of race and rape viewed through the prism of a modern-day Emmett Till. The American Bar Association. 

https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/diversity-inclusion/articles/2019/summer2019-intersection-of-race-and-rape/

6. Mitchell B. HOLC “redlining” maps: the persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality. National Community Reinvestment Coalition. March 20, 2018. 

7. Richardson B. Redlining’s legacy of inequality: low homeownership rates, less equity for black households. 

https://www.forbes.com/sites/brendarichardson/2020/06/11/redlinings-legacy-of-inequality-low-homeownership-rates-less-equity-for-black-households/?sh=2dfec9402a7c

8. Olick D. A troubling tale of a Black man trying to refinance his mortgage. 

https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/19/lenders-deny-mortgages-for-blacks-at-a-rate-80percent-higher-than-whites.html

9. Williams JP. Segregation’s legacy. April 20, 2018. 

https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2018-04-20/us-is-still-segregated-even-after-fair-housing-act

10. Lartey J, Morris S. How white Americans used lynchings to terrorize and control black people. 

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/apr/26/lynchings-memorial-us-south-montgomery-alabama

11. Gross T. As new lynching memorial opens, a look back on America’s history of racial terrorism. 

https://www.npr.org/2018/05/04/608477810/as-new-lynching-memorial-opens-a-look-back-on-americas-history-of-racial-terrori

12. Farzan AN. Police are investigating the death of a Ferguson protester’s son as a suicide. His mother insists he was lynched. 

https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/11/01/police-believe-ferguson-protesters-son-killed-himself-his-mother-insists-he-was-lynched/

13. Stevenson B. Slavery gave America a fear of black people and a taste for violent punishment. Both still define our criminal-justice system. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/prison-industrial-complex-slavery-racism.html

https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/emmett-till-1

15. Williams DR. How racism makes us sick. 

https://www.ted.com/talks/david_r_williams_how_racism_makes_us_sick?language=en

Psychiatrists who want to understand white supremacy should watch this series… 

Them: Must-See TV for Psychiatrists 

This time last year, families cruised through grocery store aisles, scouting for snacks. Back then, difficult decisions were simpler: chips and dip or chicken wings? Should I go to my friend’s party or that coworker’s party? Individuals of all sorts, from dedicated to fair-weather fans, gathered around their television screens to share in an American tradition: the Super Bowl. Everyone would be abuzz later, not just about game time plays, but also with commentary about the halftime show or that hilarious commercial.

More than 400,000 people are dead in the United States, many of us forced to remotely stream funerals of our loved ones. Parties are discouraged, with physical distancing in place. Many of us are exhausted—from debates about schools opening, from the stress of a new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) breakout on the inpatient psychiatric unit, from waiting for this pandemic to pass. And many of us are sad—that our uncle’s favorite armchair will forever be empty and that it has been weeks since we have seen a stranger’s face in public. 

But still, many of us will watch the Super Bowl anyway.

It may be just our own household or may be over Zoom with friends, but regardless, many will conjure up creative ways to enjoy this American tradition together. We will drag ourselves out of our exhaustion and find the energy to laugh and shake our fists at the television, all the while knowing that the pandemic roars on. That is what traditions do.

Traditions give us some semblance of normalcy in a time when almost nothing seems normal. The Super Bowl is not only our entertainment, but it is also our refuge. An excuse to slow down just for a moment and indulge in our favorite snacks while lying on the couch, because everyone knows that Super Bowl calories don’t count. Traditions bring family and friends together who might normally not have schedules in sync, and they bind us together in inspiring ways. Traditions are always important, making their content all the more impactful. But some traditions should not continue.

This year, the Kansas City Chiefs will play the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Tampa. In the 1990s, the Kansas City Chiefs adopted a racist, derogatory chant commonly known as the “Tomahawk chop” or “Arrowhead chop.” This chant, complete with a song that sounds as if it came out of an old western, involves fans imitating a Native American chant and making a tomahawk-like hand motion. Native Americans have spoken out against this cheer, and the Florida Indigenous Rights and Environmental Equality organization, located in St. Petersburg, Florida, has plans to protest the Super Bowl this weekend. The Native American group has shined a light on the team’s name and chant, citing that it is cultural appropriation, not to mention an offensive caricature of their culture. Although the National Football League has, since last year, banned fans from wearing ceremonial headdresses and face paint, this is too little too late. The Tomahawk chop is currently “under review,” yet cheerleaders are allowed to continue the chop with a closed rather an open fist, and the team name remains. To be sure, some have defended these racist chants and mascots, saying that they are a tribute to Native Americans, but the National Congress of American Indians maintains that the behaviors are disrespectful to Native American culture and further damaging stereotypes.

The Kansas City Chiefs are not alone in their racist chants. These are white-centered traditions that were not made with the respect of Native Americans in mind. Black and Indigenous populations have a history of being exploited and caricatured by white American society in racist imagery. Aunt Jemima syrup and Uncle Ben rice are 2 such examples, which have recently undergone pressure to undergo name changes, and there are many, many more. It is time to upend these racist traditions and instead replace them with actions that do not serve to “other” minoritized populations. Everyone deserves the chance to be able to enjoy American traditions without being offended. Words matter. Symbols matter. Actions matter. Let us continue our traditions, but not the disrespectful ones.

The pandemic has shined a light on racial inequities that existed long before COVID-19 became a mainstay in our conversations and thoughts. Racism is embedded in American structures and systems, from our health care to our chants at sport’s games.

Let us use this pandemic as a lesson learned about valuing each other. Let us use this pandemic to push back against the racism deeply baked into this country. At the very least, when you are watching the Super Bowl game this weekend, while eating your favorite chips and dip, please aim to be respectful of all Americans.

Which traditions will keep us afloat during the pandemic, and which ones need to go? 

The Super Bowl and the Importance of Tradition (Or Not)

“I’m strong and I don’t need your help. I just want to go home. I’m fine…” I sat next to my new patient, who had just been admitted to the hospital after a suicide attempt. His dark brown eyes avoided my concerned gaze as he quickly rolled down his sleeves, hiding fresh bloody streaks across his wrists. He was far from fine. 

“I have no doubt you are strong,” I said. 

As a psychiatry resident, I spend just as much time—maybe more—convincing people that mental health treatment does not equate to weakness or some societal flaw, as I do in the actual psychiatric treatment. Stigma around psychiatric illnesses runs deep and is ingrained in our society, from horrific tales of shrinks passed down in communities to negative and inaccurate portrayals of mental illness in the media. In fact, TV characters living with mental illness are significantly underrepresented, with a recent study showing that less than 2% of film characters and less than 10% of TV characters have psychiatric illnesses.1 The characters with mental illness are often portrayed in stigmatizing and inaccurate ways, associated with words such as “crazy” or freak.”

 As such, I have my work cut out for me when I explain to patients that psychiatric treatment should be viewed the same way as any other medical treatment. According to the media, and even amongst healthcare providers and students

For this reason, I was disappointed, but not surprised, to read Skip Bayless’ statement towards Dak Prescott, the quarterback of the Dallas Cowboys. Dak bravely revealed his struggle with anxiety and depression during the pandemic and after the suicide of his brother and football inspiration, Jace Prescott. On FOX Sports’ “Undisputed,” Bayless questioned Prescott’s ability to be a leader after his self-disclosure of mental illness. Not only was this comment insensitive, it is inaccurate. In fact, Prescott’s decision to discuss his own mental illness struggles likely resulted in others seeking care. More than 7% of Americans have suffered a major depressive episode, and more than one-third did not receive treatment.

 Self-disclosure of mental illness is a powerful form of storytelling and has been shown to reduce stigma and increase normalization of mental illness, increase education and awareness, inspire others to seek care, and encourage advocacy.

, we argue that psychiatrists should work with the media to promote positive portrayals of mental illnesses.

Bayless’ comment further illustrates this widespread notion that being a masculine leader of football does not allow for mental illness, which I believe is far from the truth. A meta-analysis showed that individuals who upheld masculine societal norms were less likely to pursue mental health treatment

, and this needs to change. Prescott explained beautifully that not being truthful about one’s struggles is being a “fake leader,” and his strong statement will join those of Dwayne Johnson, The Rock, Kevin Love, and Michael Phelps in encouraging men to seek mental health treatment. 

Additionally, as a Black and Mexican-American man, Prescott represents 2 different underrepresented groups and serves as a powerful voice for those populations. The Black American and Latinx/Hispanic populations are known to struggle with seeking mental healthcare.

 For Latinx/Hispanic individuals, language barriers as well as legal status play a role in their comfort in seeking mental health care.

 Black and Latinx/Hispanic TV or film characters with psychiatric disorders are vastly underrepresented in the media compared to their white counterparts.

 Fortunately, celebrities such as Ariana Grande, Taraji Henson, and Jada Pinkett are among some of the Black and Latinx celebrities that have led the charge in normalizing mental illness in Black and Latinx communities. 

For Black Americans, there is even more to the story. In addition to stigma, even when Black Americans do seek care, they may not continue to engage with the mental health system. This is due to a myriad of issues, including the fact that Black patients are less likely to receive the same quality of care as white patients, racial discrimination by largely nondiverse mental healthcare providers, and a justified mistrust of the medical system.

 Psychiatry itself has a history of using mental illness as a way to dehumanize Black Americans. African slaves fleeing their slaveowners were said to be suffering from a mental illness known as drapetomania.

 Benjamin Rush, MD, known as the ‘father of psychiatry,’ believed that being Black was a disorder that he called “negritude.”

 During the Civil Rights movement, haloperidol was marketed as a medication for “protest psychosis,” with an advertisement of a cartoonish, angry Black male, as a means of quelling Black protests for basic human rights.

 Today, disparities in psychiatric treatment continue to exist due to racism. Black patients are more likely to be diagnosed with psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia, compared to their white counterparts with comparable presentations

, and Black children are thought to be over-diagnosed as having oppositional defiant disorder.

 Given that Black children as young as 5 years old are more likely to be seen as aggressive compared to their white peers, this finding is not surprising.

All of these factors work against individuals seeking care for their mental illnesses and against the normalization of mental illness. It is crucial that we continue to amplify the powerful voices of leaders like Dak Prescott. His voice could very well make the difference between someone seeking care or not. His voice could save a life.

is a second year Psychiatry resident at Yale School of Medicine/Yale Child Study Center in the Adult/Child Albert J. Solnit integrated program. Dr Calhoun’s research centers on the improvement of mental and physical health outcomes in Black Americans by targeting the trauma of racism. Dr Calhoun calls herself an ‘activist trainee’ and through public speaking and writing, exposes current and historical racism in the medical system. She firmly believes that all doctors should be activists and promotes the integration of social justice teaching with medical education.

1. Smith SL, Choueiti M, Choi A, et al. Mental health conditions in film & TV: portrayals that dehumanize and trivialize characters. USC Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, and the David and Lura Lovell Foundation. 2019. Accessed September 20, 2020. 

http://assets.uscannenberg.org/docs/aii-study-mental-health-media_052019.pdf

2. Martin A, Chilton J, Gothelf D, et al. Physician self-disclosure of lived experience improves mental health attitudes among medical students: a randomized study. 

3. Mehta SS, Edwards ML. Suffering in silence: mental health stigma and physicians’ licensing fears. 

4. Martin A, Krause R, Chilton J, et al. Attitudes to psychiatry and to mental illness among nursing students: adaptation and use of two validated instruments in preclinical education. 

5. National Institute of Mental Health. Major depression. Accessed September 20, 2020. 

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml

6. Gray JB. The power of storytelling: using the narrative in the healthcare context. 

7. Beck CS, Aubuchon SM, McKenna TP, et al. Blurring personal health and public priorities: an analysis of celebrity health narratives in the public sphere. 

8. Wong NCH, Lookadoo KL, Nisbett GS. “I’m Demi and I have bipolar disorder”: effect of parasocial contact on reducing stigma toward people with bipolar disorder. 

9. Calhoun AJ, Gold JA. “I feel like I know them”: the positive effect of celebrity self-disclosure of mental illness. 

10. Wong YJ, Ho MR, Wang SY, et al. Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. 

11. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Latinx/Hispanic. 2019. Accessed September 20, 2020. 

https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/Latinx-Hispanic

12. National Alliance on Mental Illness. African American Mental Health. 2019. Accessed on September 20, 2020. 

https://www.nami.org/find-support/diverse-communities/african-americans

13. American Psychiatric Association. Mental health disparities: African Americans. 2017. Accessed May 1, 2019. 

https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/education/mental-health-facts

14. McGuire T and Miranda J. Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care: evidence and policy implications. 

16. Jackson, Vanessa. In Our Own Voices: African American Stories of Oppression, Survival and Recovery in the Mental Health System. 

. Posted online April 28, 2015. Accessed October 1, 2020. 

http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/mental01.htm

17. Metzl J. The protest psychosis: how schizophrenia became a black disease. Beacon Press; 2011.

18. Schwartz RC, Blankenship DM. Racial disparities in psychotic disorder diagnosis: a review of empirical literature. 

19. Ballentine KL. Understanding racial differences in diagnosing ODD versus ADHD using critical race theory. 

20. Todd AR, Thiem KC, Neel R. Does seeing faces of young Black boys facilitate the identification of threatening stimuli? 2016;27(3):384-393.

Dak Prescott of the Dallas Cowboys spoke up about his mental illness and was questioned. Dr Calhoun argues his bravery should be commended, not criticized.  

Amanda Calhoun, MD, MPH

Articles

The Opioid Crisis Is Neither a White Nor an Adult Problem

Them: Must-See TV for Psychiatrists

The Super Bowl and the Importance of Tradition (Or Not)

Seeking Help Is Not Weak