Mark Heinemeyer

Elizabeth Holmes of the blood testing company Theranos, who is being tried for 12 charges of wire fraud and conspiracy to commit wire fraud, serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of due diligence.

 Theranos’s many esteemed investors were not unscrupulous, just unaware. Holmes’s case is one of information asymmetry, in which 1 party has information that the other does not. Holmes knew she was selling snake oil; her investors did not.

 is considered by economists as a major source of market failure.

 in the past years, this field needs sustained investment increases over the coming decades to seriously tackle 

multi-trillion dollar global brain health challenges

 Approaches to understand and then minimize information asymmetry between technical entrepreneurs and investors are key.

This asymmetry creates an imbalance of power and can lead to negative results, spanning from poor decision making on the part of the less informed party, all the way to providing an opportunity for exploitation and unethical behavior (

Table 1: Common Types of Information Asymmetry

The opportunity for information asymmetry to lead to fraud is particularly alarming. According to 

, 47% of companies experienced fraud in the past 24 months, and more than $4.5 trillion are lost to fraud each year globally.

 Concerning startups, fraud is most prevalent among small companies. According to the 

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners’ (ACFE) 2018 report

, organizations with fewer than 100 employees see the largest share of fraud cases and lose nearly twice as much per scheme compared to organizations with more than 100 employees.

We believe that brain health technologies will add monumental value to human society in the coming decades. However, if entrepreneurs and investors are not on the same page, information asymmetry could impede development of the brain health technology company space.

The problem of information asymmetry is exacerbated by ever-growing information overload. In 1971, before the advent of the internet and social media, the prominent Nobel Prize winning economist 

 noted “information…consumes the attention of its recipients…a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention and a need to allocate that attention efficiently among the overabundance of information sources that might consume it.”

 This problem has become increasingly apparent in our daily lives as a cacophony of online media competes for our attention. 

, there are more than 474,000 tweets, 400 hours of new video on YouTube, 3 million new posts on Facebook, 3.5 million Google searches, and over 15 million text messages delivered.

The problem of information overload is particularly acute in brain health technology investing. There has been a 

 in technological breakthroughs; basic, translational, and clinical neuroscience discoveries; and brain health technology company formations.

 Likewise, there has been substantial growth in investments—venture investors poured a 

 into brain health-related startups by the year-end of 2020.3 The brain health technology sector urgently needs sustained investment over decades. Further, the brain health technology market has the opportunity to tap into the 

 in global assets with environmental, social, and governance investment imperatives that could be harnessed by the brain health space if the market continues to mature.

The effect of such information overload is to amplify information asymmetry. Sunstein, in 

argues that less is often more, highlighting that in many cases, abundant information is neither necessary nor welcome, and can be an impediment to effective decision making.

 People typically make decisions by distilling redundant information rather than adding unnecessary complexity.

Because of the immense complexity of neuroscience, it is particularly vulnerable to such asymmetry. Complex neuroscience principles, technology, and 

 may be poorly understood by advisors, employees, and investors without a relevant technical or clinical background.

 Additionally, it is especially hard to develop an accurate sense of the product’s capabilities and scientific validity when it lacks peer review. 

As a result, investors and customers are arguably more reliant on views of others and are consequently vulnerable. Who do nontechnical investors turn to when evaluating a neuroscience company? In some cases, they may consult experts in the field. Often, however, they may simply trust the due diligence of earlier investors. Current capital markets and funds (private equity and venture capital) have so much money that free riding is increasingly common. Large firms count on the due diligence of smaller funds (or early-stage investors), who in turn count on the reputation of the big firms. Thus, mistakes and oversights from early investors might not always be rectified in future investment rounds.

Moreover, the rapidity of the current market environment maximizes asymmetries. Building a trusting and robust relationship with founders over time used to be the usual way for an investor to gain access to reliable and accurate information. Over time, investors observe consistencies and inconsistencies in narratives and presented factors and data. However, deals are closed so quickly and fear of missing out is widespread among investors, therefore effective diligence cannot be completed.

The relationship between marketing and the product is another source of information asymmetry. Overemphasis on marketing without product development—a staple of the Silicon Valley “fake it till you make it” mentality—may distract from an unvalidated or poorly validated product. In some cases, as with Theranos, “the emperor has no clothes,” and the product is nonfunctional. Of course, when communications to customers and investors paints a rosier picture than the truth of product development, this leads to further information asymmetry. From a product-market fit perspective, there are many novel market segments and a rapidly evolving brain health landscape. Only select people may understand these product-market fit dynamics, enabling information asymmetry to arise between key stakeholders.

Entrepreneurs may have a monopoly of knowledge over the different market activities and thus spin or even withhold relevant and accurate information.

In particular, market activities are often overplayed by entrepreneurs. It is important for investors to discern the difference between conversations in the market, unpaid pilots, paid pilots, commercial contracts, and revenue from commercial contracts. However, entrepreneurs often inaccurately portray these activities in conversations with investors (eg, claim unpaid or one-off pilots as commercial contracts). Entrepreneurs may have a monopoly of knowledge over the different market activities and thus spin or even withhold relevant and accurate information.

The disconnect between revenue and valuation may also present information asymmetry between founders and employees. Potential employees without a comprehensive understanding of startups may not understand how a brain health technology company may be worth millions or billions of dollars, and yet have minimal or no revenue. Entrepreneurs also may charismatically explain inaccurate revenue projects and withhold information from potential employees. Subsequently, potential employees may accept jobs and take on more risk than they would otherwise feel comfortable with if they comprehensively understood the current state of the startup.

Finally, we would be remiss not to mention that cognitive biases may worsen information asymmetries. For instance, 

 could have a negative impact on our field in the long run.

 The increasingly high and speculative valuation dynamics embolden founders as well as investors to think that they have “got it.” It is important that overconfidence does not lead to insufficient diligence, and insufficient operational and governance activities.

Table 2: Solutions to Mitigate Information Asymmetry

Action is required to mitigate information asymmetry in brain health companies, or else brain health technology could suffer. For one, the field should encourage more advertising of failures and accurate analysis of how they could have been avoided. Additionally, to mitigate cognitive biases like overconfidence, training in 

, and associated self-reflection may be useful.

 Finally, information needs to be disseminated in a manner that is clear, simple and accurate, and minimizes jargon. We have developed a 

 that may apply in this situation to equip people to be more effective investors and board members.

 Specialist investment funds should be established in niche areas with highly skilled investors, operators, clinicians and scientists (eg, 

). Engaging clinicians and scientists with deep domain expertise, as independent experts, is additionally key to ensure 

investors and brain health practitioners are aligned

 Material incentives, reputation incentives, control incentives, and stock option incentives have also been found to be 

 to reduce information asymmetry, improve decision making, and lessen the investment risk of investors and entrepreneurs.

 Further details around these solutions are outlined in 

To work toward addressing the current global brain health challenges, continued investment and interest is needed in the brain health space. We cannot afford to turn a blind eye to problems stemming from information asymmetry. As with the case of 

, information asymmetry and fraud in one company can sour investor interest in the space for years to come.

 The brain health technology space cannot afford to be set back by information asymmetry and fraud due to the urgent need for innovation and sustained investment. The decisions made now to understand and mitigate information asymmetry between key stakeholders in brain health technology companies will have repercussions for decades to come.

 is a director at the PRODEO Institute, an Atlantic Fellow in Brain Health Equity at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI) at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and a Thiel Fellow at Stanford University.

 is cofounder of the PRODEO Institute and CEO of PRODEO. 

 is a Senior Clinical Advisor for Cohen Veterans Bioscience’s Trauma Research Programs. She serves as Strategic Advisor co-leading CVB’s Suicide Strategy Initiative. 

 is an undergraduate studying neuroscience at Dartmouth College.

 is a corporate attorney, a professor of law at University of Surrey and an adjunct professor with the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine. 

isa senior advisor to the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Secretary General, head of the New Approaches to Economic Challenges Unit (NAEC), and co-lead of the OECD-PRODEO Institute Neuroscience-inspired Policy Initiative (NIPI).

 is Chief Commercial Officer with Stanford University’s Brainstorm Lab and adjunct faculty with the Massachusetts General Hospital, affiliated with Harvard University.

 is a technologist, venture capitalist and an adjunct professor in engineering at Stanford University. 

 is venture capitalist, founder and managing partner at Newfund Capital. 

 is Alfred Deakin Professor of Psychiatry at Deakin University and director of IMPACT at Deakin University (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation). 

 is a venture capitalist and an adjunct faculty member at UC Berkeley and Singularity University. 

 is a venture capitalist, managing director at Newline Ventures and Adjunct Professor in Management Science & Engineering and Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University.

 is an undergraduate studying computer science at Stanford University.

 is cofounder of the PRODEO Institute, colead of the OECD NIPI, and holds adjuncts roles with IMPACT at Deakin University, GBHI at UCSF and Baylor College of Medicine.

Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup

The control strategies for information asymmetry problems among investing institutions, investors, and entrepreneurs in venture capital.

3. Jennings K. Venture funding for mental health startups hits record high as anxiety, depression skyrocket. 

 June 7, 2021. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiejennings/2021/06/07/venture-funding-for-mental-health-startups-hits-record-high-as-anxiety-depression-skyrocket/?sh=5f56a6f21116

4. Eyre H, Carson J, Smith E, et al. Boosting brain health after COVID-19: a convergence solution. 

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/boosting-brain-health-after-covid-19-a-convergence-solution

6. PwC’s Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey 2020. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/forensics/economic-crime-survey.html

7. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners’ (ACFE) 2018 report. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://www.acfe.com/report-to-the-nations/2018/default.aspx

Why Herbert Simon matters for policymaking. 

9. Schultz J. How much data is created on the internet each day? MicroFocus. August 6, 2019. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://blog.microfocus.com/how-much-data-is-created-on-the-internet-each-day/

10. Altimus CM, Marlin BJ, Charalambakis NE, et al. 

11. Baker S. Global ESG-data driven assets hit $40.5 trillion. 

https://www.pionline.com/esg/global-esg-data-driven-assets-hit-405-trillion

Too Much Information: Understanding What You Don’t Want to Know. 

“Black box” pharmacogenetic decision-support tools in psychiatry.

14. Baker HK, Nofsinger JR, eds. Behavioral finance: investors, corporations, and markets. Kolb Series in Finance. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://oedf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/KENT-BAKER-H.-NOFSINGER-J.R.-sous-la-direction-de-Behavioral-Finance-Investors-Corporations-and-Markets-Wiley-2010..pdf

15. UPMC Western Behavioral Health. What are cognitive distortions? (with 10 examples). UPMC Health Beat. May 13, 2021. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://share.upmc.com/2021/05/cognitive-distortions/

16. Eyre HA, Berk M, Smith E, et al. Brain health executives: a transdisciplinary workforce innovation—a commentary. 

https://innovationscns.com/brain-health-executives-transdisciplinary-workforce-innovation/

17. Carson J, Noori S, Dunn A, Eyre HA. Buyer beware: why investors and mental health practitioners must sit on the same side of the table. 

. May 18, 2021. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/buyer-beware-why-investors-mental-health-practitioners-must-sit-same-side-table

18. Griffith E. They still live in the shadow of Theranos’s Elizabeth Holmes. Updated October 6, 2021. Accessed October 8, 2021. 

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/technology/theranos-elizabeth-holmes.html

Articles

Information asymmetry occurs when one party has more or better information than the other party. Asymmetry and fraud will sour investor interest in the field.  

Sustaining Investment in Brain Health: The Dangers of Information Asymmetry 

Business anthropology—the use of anthropology constructs, theory and methods in organizations, marketing, consumer behavior and design—can improve product and service success.

The burden of mental health and cognitive disorders is projected to increase to around USD 

 per year in lost economic productivity by 2030.

 For the sake of the economy (and the human needs it serves), innovations to address these disorders are urgently needed.

Our field is embracing the potential of novel 

 approaches: artificial intelligence (AI), omics, sensors, brain imaging, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR).

 Deep technologies may optimize screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for mental health and cognitive disorders, from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression to Alzheimer disease and beyond. Single-point solutions are also converging into 

 (eg, singular digital and omic solution integration into app platforms, electronic health records, and other clinical operating systems).

Beyond the enthusiasm for new technology, market trends suggest an 

 was invested in the first 5 months of 2021 ($1.9 billion) than the whole of 2020.

 Without an appreciation of the mindset and respect for the practical concerns of brain-health clinicians and health managers (spanning neurology, psychiatry, psychology, primary care, psychologists, and beyond) and their critical support staff, we all stand to see the momentum (and hope) for our field fall short if new products and services fail to be deployed effectively in the market. Investment dries up in the face of failure. This would be a tragedy, as sustained, multidecade engagement is needed.

Our field focuses on science and technology and rarely the broader business context and environment of deployment, implementation, and utilization. Inspired by Gillian Tett, PhD’s new book, 

Anthro-Vision: A New Way to See in Life and Business

 we turn to rapidly deployable business anthropology principles for guidance.

Applying business anthropology principles to brain health innovations can optimize deployment and bolster success. 

 uses anthropological constructs, theory, and methods to study organizations, marketing strategies, consumer behavior, and design.

 Applied to the brain health technology market, business anthropology will provide a better understanding of the social, clinical, and commercial milieu. This informs how to best implement brain health technologies in a manner that supports better-run organizations.

Business anthropology integrates design principles to ensure that consumers and families are recognized as key stakeholders. Combining ethnographic research methodologies and first-hand observation and interviewing techniques with of theoretical knowledge from studying human societies across the world, business anthropology can offer the multidimensional approach required to promote brain health innovations. 

 provides an overview of tips and tools which can be used.

Table 1. Business Anthropology Tips and Tools for the Brain Health Technology Field

Putting Business Anthropology’s Principles Into Practice

Business anthropology operates in 3 domains. First, it examines complex organizations to understand the nature and functioning of the organization internally and externally. Secondly, it explores the needs of consumers and their global context. Lastly, it observes the interactions of individuals and their environment to drive product design. All are particularly relevant in promoting better mental health. As the brain health technology field rapidly advances, business anthropology can help navigate the unprecedented complexities, changes, and challenges.

For example, the US Federal Drug Administration’s (FDA) controversial recent approval of a new Alzheimer treatment, aducanumab, has impacted the clinical and commercial milieu of Alzheimer disease. As aducanumab has been released onto the market, a new set of challenges have arisen. The entire healthcare ecosystem—payers, providers, and patients—must answer questions related to cost and value, screening, safety, and effectiveness. This controversy has led many authorities to pen 

, which aim to provide guidance in clinical settings.

 However, questions around cost, reimbursement, and implementation 

 Aducanumab’s approval has also spurred the advancement of emerging biomarkers, diagnostic tools, and monitoring systems. Business anthropology will assist brain health stakeholders in understanding and navigating these dynamics. Further, business anthropology helps all parties better understand the culture of medicine that surrounds aducanumab’s controversial approval. As Robert Pearl, MD, notes, we can only make sense of the FDA’s recent actions concerning aducanumab 

Telepsychiatry is another example. In the wake of COVID-19, there is now a hybrid of in-person and remote patient care in mental health settings, especially in psychiatry and psychotherapy. Innovations in hybrid in-person and remote patient care include asynchronous patient care, hybrid face-to-face and digital interventions, digital biomarkers, sensors for at-home monitoring, and telepsychiatry. Business anthropology can help ensure that health care delivery is conducted in a way that engages patients.. It can improve patient engagement through optimal implementation of technologies that bridge in-person and remote care.

Brain health advancements will continue to emerge, and with the insights of business anthropology, these scientific breakthroughs can reach patients in effective and cost-conscious ways. 

 will create many clinical, ethical, and practical management challenges.

 will change the way brain health is approached throughout the lifespan.

Subtyping brain health conditions such as depression

 to develop a precision medicine approach to brain health promises to alter current treatment approaches too.

 All of these create major reconsiderations for clinical workflow, product design, and reimbursement. 

 outlines key brain health stakeholders and their major concerns.

Table 2. Key Brain Health Stakeholders and Their Major Concerns

 with new health care technologies and delivery models will be a priority.

Technologies such as AI, omics, sensors, brain imaging, VR, and AR will continue to be developed and adopted to address the many brain health challenges that we face. Rapidly deployed business anthropology principles will help brain health stakeholders navigate these changes and successfully integrate brain health technologies into health care systems. Anthropology has played a formative role 

in shaping the research and understanding of brain health conditions

Likewise, applying business anthropology principles can lead to more successful implementation and utilization of proven innovations in brain health.

is a director at the PRODEO Institute, an Atlantic Fellow in Brain Health Equity at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI) at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and a Thiel Fellow at Stanford University.

is a geriatric psychiatrist at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis.

is Chief Commercial Officer with Stanford University’s Brainstorm Lab and adjunct faculty with the Massachusetts General Hospital, affiliated with Harvard University.

is CEO of Determined Health, Director of Geriatric Cognitive Health at the Pacific Neuroscience Institute (PNI) and adjunct professor at the University of Southern California.

adjunct professor in engineering at Stanford University.

professor of psychiatry at the University Paris Est Créteil, in charge of the psychiatric and addiction centre at the Henri Mondor University Hospitals, director of the DHU PePSY, and director of the laboratory of “Psychiatrie Translationelle” Inserm U955, France. She is also operational director of the FondaMental Foundation.

is an adjunct faculty member at UC Berkeley and Singularity University.

is Alfred Deakin Professor of Psychiatry at Deakin University and director of IMPACT at Deakin University (Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation).

is cofounder of the PRODEO Institute and CEO of PRODEO.

is cofounder of the PRODEO Institute, colead of the OECD NIPI, and holds adjuncts roles with IMPACT at Deakin University, GBHI at UCSF and Baylor College of Medicine.

1. The Carter Center. Mental illness will cost the world $16 USD trillion by 2030. 

2. Smith E, Au R, Mossé M, et al. Rebooting late-life mental health innovation and entrepreneurship with convergence science. 

3. Smith E, Ellsworth W, Reynolds CF, et al. Convergence mental health: a new pathway for transdisciplinary innovation and entrepreneurship. 

4. Shah RN, Berry OO. The rise of venture capital investing in mental health. 

5. Burroughs C. Mental health startups have raised a record $1.9 billion in 2021 as COVID-19 pushed VC investors further into the space. 

 May 11, 2021. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://www.businessinsider.com/mental-health-startups-hit-quarterly-funding-records-amid-vc-interest-2021-5

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology.

 October 30, 2019. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-4

7. Aducanumab: will appropriate-use recommendations speed uptake? Alzforum. August 5, 2021. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://www.alzforum.org/news/conference-coverage/aducanumab-will-appropriate-use-recommendations-speed-uptake

8. Rabinovici GD. Controversy and progress in Alzheimer’s disease — FDA approval of aducanumab. 

. July 28, 2021. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2111320

9. Coleman J. Cleveland Clinic, Mount Sinai not administering new Alzheimer’s drug. 

 July 15, 2021. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/563146-cleveland-clinic-mount-sinai-not-administering-new-alzheimers-drug

10. Pearl R. Making sense of the FDA’s ‘indefensible’ decision to approve Aduhelm. 

 July 19, 2021. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2021/07/19/making-sense-of-the-fdas-indefensible-decision-to-approve-aduhelm/?sh=35d309c022b4

11. Vann Jones SA, O’Kelly A. Psychedelics as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease dementia. 

12. Livingston G, Huntley J, Sommerland A, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the 

13. Williams LM. Precision psychiatry: a neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety. 

14. Gibson R. What design for aging gets horribly wrong. 

 August 2, 2021. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://www.fastcompany.com/90660516/what-design-for-the-elderly-gets-horribly-wrong

15. Rubin J. What the Facebook scandal can teach us about health data privacy. 

 October 21, 2019. Accessed August 16, 2021. 

https://morningconsult.com/opinions/what-the-facebook-scandal-can-teach-us-about-health-data-privacy/

16. Kohrt BA, Mendenhall E, Brown PJ. How anthropological theory and methods can advance global mental health. 

The key to addressing mental health may lie in business innovation theories. 

Anthropology-Informed Business Principles for Brain Health 

“Brain health conditions are a key contributor to the global burden of disease and disability. The devastating impact of these conditions is even more apparent as the world faces global challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, societal inequity, and more. To make progress, we need a fundamental shift in our approach. Convergence Brain Health deftly makes the case that a convergence approach is urgently needed to tackle the global brain health crisis and provides a roadmap for change.”

— Victor Dzau MD, President, National Academy of Medicine

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was in the midst of an escalating global brain health crisis with severe physical, social, and economic ramifications. According to a recent World Health Organization report, around 450 million individuals were suffering from mental health conditions, marking mental health disorders among the leading causes of ill-health and disability worldwide.

 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) estimates that the consequences of mental ill health cost up to 

Due to social and physical distancing, unemployment and underemployment, stress and other factors, there have been significant increases in issues such as depression, anxiety, social isolation, substance abuse, loneliness, and cognitive decline in older adults.

 In addition, as observed after the SARS pandemic, it is expected that COVID-19 survivors may endure long term cognitive and psychiatric consequences, including suicide, posttraumatic stress disorders, and depression.

 Furthermore, brain health is a prototypical 

 in that it is extremely complex and textured by innumerable variables from biology, sociology, genetics, psychology, and the natural environment to economics and beyond.

 Compounding these issues are challenges at all levels of innovation around brain health, listed in 

Table 1. Challenges and Opportunities for the Brain Health Field

Progress in the 21st century will be molded by our collective response to the global brain health crisis.

 Fortunately, beacons of hope are beginning to shine. Stigma has been reduced in high-income country settings, allowing individuals to overcome the barriers to seeking care.

 The COVID-19 pandemic has—in a positive sense—lowered the perceived and actual barriers to technology adoption, ushering in a new era of technology-driven brain health care. Some governments are beginning to increase spending on brain health, and venture capital funding for brain health start-ups has never been more in vogue. PitchBook data shows that 146 deals generated nearly $1.6 billion in venture capital investments as of December 10th, 2020. A decade ago, there were only 3 deals, worth $6.6 million, whereas last year saw a total of 

However, these advances on their own cannot solve the myriad global challenges posed by the brain health emergency. A paradigm shift is needed to address the unprecedented complexities associated with the current global brain health crisis—a crisis now inextricably linked to concurrent interacting crises surrounding discrimination and inequality, mass misinformation, environmental catastrophes, accelerated climate change, entrenched economic models, population displacements and immigrant status, and more.

 Governments, employers, and healthcare systems around the world need to acknowledge the scope of the problem and embrace solutions to empower consumers to take charge of their own brain health and to protect existing levels of health, well-being, and social inclusion.

In response to the evolving issues, convergence science integrates knowledge, tools, and thought strategies from diverse fields to address challenges that exist at the interface of 

 Convergence science not only recognizes the need to respond to apparent societal problems, but also emphasizes approaches which allow us to consider a myriad of the known unknowns and improves the odds of us quickly adapting to newly identified gaps.

 Acknowledging the serendipity of accidentally obtained knowledge permits 

 Taking these approaches when investigating solutions to brain health challenges permits greater flexibility and utility when unforeseen challenges are inevitably met.

How can we face the current pandemic while addressing the brain health crisis?  

Mark Heinemeyer

Articles

Sustaining Investment in Brain Health: The Dangers of Information Asymmetry

Anthropology-Informed Business Principles for Brain Health

Boosting Brain Health After COVID-19: A Convergence Solution

Move Over Data, Brain Capital is the New Oil