 is an undergraduate at University of California, Berkeley, majoring in psychology.

Sarah Lateef

Tales From the Clinic: The Art of Psychiatry

, we accompany Anna, a breast cancer survivor, in her journey with anxiety and interpersonal and self-image issues post-remission. Through a deeply moving account, this fictional case reminds us that survival is harder than it looks, and often necessitates both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.

“Anna,” a 36-year-old female with breast cancer, in remission, and no prior psychiatric history is referred to psychiatry with panic attacks. She has less confidence in her ability to fulfill her prior role as a working mother—she has concerns of inability to meet the physical demands of raising her 2 young children, compounded by the guilt that her spouse is now their primary 

. She perseverates on issues regarding intimacy with her spouse and changes in her image. On top of that, she mentions her looming fear of death. In your treatment of her anxiety, you consider anxiety-contributing factors in breast cancer and survivorship, including factors that impact patients’ and/or their families’ quality of life, 

Anna is referred to the clinic by her oncologist after she screened positive for psychosocial distress. She has completed treatment for breast cancer, the most common cancer diagnosis in women.

 Anxiety is prevalent in women diagnosed with breast cancer during treatment and survivorship—1 of approximately 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States by 2022.

 in breast cancer patients include previous mental health treatment, severe noncancer-related stressors, and lack of an intimate, confiding relationship.

 Anxiety is strongly associated with “increased health care use, reduced physical well-being, and physical disability.”

 While many believe survivorship would decrease anxiety, patients like Anna find that less frequent monitoring, endocrine therapies impacting estrogen levels, and decreased engagement with their medical support team may actually 

In your intake with Anna, she describes first feeling anxious when diagnosed with 

, then fearful about her mortality and treatment; this was reduced by initial disease-related educational efforts.

 Although she had been married for 10 years and had a strong relationship with her spouse, she worried she would burden him if she shared her 

. After all, he already had the additional stress of caring for their children and now functioning as their sole breadwinner. This struggle is shared by many breast cancer patients, as more than 25% of women diagnosed with breast cancer have children at home.

In fact, spouses and patients have similar levels of distress during diagnosis and treatment.

 Patients are good at predicting their spouses’ levels of distress, anxiety, depression, and anger, but “overestimate” their spouses’ need for assistance.

 On the spouse’s side, qualitative research of fathers and children after maternal breast cancer diagnosis identified that fathers may want more information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of their loved one or advice on how to navigate supporting their children. However, there are barriers to requesting assistance from the treatment team, as the fathers do not want to take the focus away from the patient.

 This was the experience for Anna and her spouse, “Colin.”

 patients’ partners for distress and unmet needs, which was done in Anna and Colin’s situation and allowed Colin’s needs to be met. Colin’s ability to cope had an inherent effect on Anna’s well-being. It was counterintuitive for Anna to rely on Colin for support, when she was concerned that she would be an additional burden to him. However, emotional support provided by spouses has been linked to decreased stress in both partners.

 Couples who openly engaged with each other experienced better adjustment with increased emotional expression, improved coping, and decreased conflict.

 Being a source of comfort for each other strengthened Anna and Colin’s relationship.It is important to consider that the patient is one part of a system. The patient can benefit from spouse involvement, especially regarding assistance with stress management. Unlike the breast cancer myth that survivors are destined to be left by their partners,

 the literature reveals that when controlling for confounding factors, breast cancer is not an independent risk factor for divorce.

Notably, this does not mean that a diagnosis has no impact on a marriage; it can strain an already fragile relationship. In fact, “among women with breast cancer, low marital satisfaction within 3 months of diagnosis predicted further marital difficulties.”

The course of Anna’s anxiety was consistent with the experience of many breast cancer patients, including intensification prior to her surgery and her first chemotherapy appointment. She was started on lorazepam while hospitalized, which helped with anxiety, nausea, and

, she declined continuing potentially addicting medications.

When managing anxiety, consider her ongoing cancer treatment. Some cancer treatments cause side effects, and discussion with the primary oncologist may allow for alternative efficacious treatments with less triggering adverse effect profiles for patients inclined toward somatic preoccupations.

 are a mainstay of treatment for anxiety, and medication interactions should be reviewed. Anna takes tamoxifen, an adjuvant endocrine therapy to prevent recurrence. As tamoxifen may contribute to symptoms of depression and anxiety, she may benefit from alternative adjuvant treatments—for instance, an aromatase inhibitor, if her oncologist deems it appropriate. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, needs to be converted to its active metabolite by CYP 2D6 to be more effective at suppressing cancer cell proliferation.

In selecting a medication regimen for Anna, you decide on venlafaxine and avoid potent CYP 2D6 inhibitors such as paroxetine and fluoxetine.

 Venlafaxine can have the added benefit of treating the vasomotor symptoms associated with estrogen suppression and 

. When it comes to alternative agents, you also consider agents commonly used to manage anxiety, which do not have United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indications. Gabapentin can help with vasomotor symptoms and neuropathic pain as well as anxiety.

 Propranolol can also be useful in the physical manifestations of anxiety. The clinical significance of beta blockade on breast cancer mortality and progression is under investigation, but preclinical data is promising.

Alternative therapies, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, for anxiety and stress management are also worth considering. Some patients use qigong to help with anxiety. Cochrane reviews have evaluated nonpharmacologic treatments for anxiety. The overall quality of the evidence has been very low to moderate; however, it reveals that cognitive behavioral therapy, yoga, and mindfulness-based relaxation are beneficial for decreasing anxiety. Anna has found some benefit to yoga practice in lowering anxiety, which is consistent with the literature.

 and yoga have been shown to be beneficial, particularly during ongoing cancer treatment and during remission.

 Prior to encouraging other exercise-based activities, you discuss Anna’s physical limitations and potential treatment toxicities (neuropathy) that impact her current level of engagement.

During this discussion, Anna reveals she no longer recognizes herself in the mirror and feels that her body image is impacted. She has suffered hair loss, lymphedema, scarring, and changes to breast and genitourinary tissues. Her ovarian failure and consequent inability to further reproduce weigh her down, as she reflects that she wanted more children and wonders how her lack of fertility will impact her relationship. The changes from her breast surgery impact her satisfaction with her physical appearance and her perception of being attractive to her partner.

She is actually at higher risk for poor body image, as she received a radical surgery—mastectomy with reconstruction over lumpectomy.

 Further evaluating the impacts on her body image, you consider other contributors such as changes in weight (both loss or gain), radiation, anxiety, 

, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain symptoms.

 As research indicates, you counsel her to exercise and provide psychoeducation to improve her body image.

Despite her improvement in anxiety, she continues to feel out of step. In treatment, you examine her identity as a cancer survivor in addition to a mother, friend, spouse, and employee. She now struggles with feeling competent. Self-esteem can be impacted by a change in level of functioning, which can subsequently influence the ability to fulfill duties identified as part of her core sense of self.

 As you explore the impact on her self-esteem, you ask about her sexual functioning. Despite the breast cancer myth claiming that survivors cannot have a satisfying 

 patients are less likely to disclose dysfunction and subsequently do not receive help if their physicians do not initiate these conversations.

 Although decreased confidence in appearance and functioning, hypersensitivity, and irritation of tissues after radiation

 and treatment-induced estrogen deficiency can impact intimacy, women can still have sexual satisfaction. Anna has tried the first-line treatments including application of nonhormonal vaginal moisturizers routinely and use of water-based vaginal lubricants at the time of intercourse “to address both vulvar and vaginal dryness and mucosal irritation.” Having researched the topic, she knows to avoid potentially irritating agents that contain “warming agents, bactericides, microbicides, perfumes, and artificial colors and flavors.”

 You are able to educate her about the benefits of regular sexual activity, vaginal dilators, adjunctive stimulation with vibrators/self-stimulators, and sexuality-focused couples’ counseling.

 Although Anna seeks intimacy with her partner, she is not excited at the prospect of intercourse. She is interested in potentially trialing bupropion when she learns it can “increase sexual desire, arousal, orgasm intensity, and overall sexual satisfaction.”

As you consider the next best steps in her treatment, you remember that treatment-induced estrogen deficiency can include the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM: vaginal and vulvar atrophy, vaginal dryness, and dyspareunia).

 Mild forms of GSM can respond to first-line treatments; however, moderate to severe symptoms of estrogen deficiency “usually require pharmacologic management.”

 If Anna’s symptoms are nonresponsive to first-line treatment in the setting of severe GSM, you plan to reach out to her oncologist, as per ACOG recommendations. For, although systemic hormone therapy is contraindicated given the “increased risk of breast cancer recurrence or new primary development,”

 her oncologist can help her weigh the risks and benefits of “vaginal estrogen therapy,” a controversial treatment, given the risk of increasing estrogen exposure systemically and decreasing the effectiveness of hormone suppression therapy.

Throughout her treatment, you remember that anxiety may manifest as fear of recurrence. After treatment, 70% of breast cancer patients “fear breast cancer relapse.”

 However, the “relapse rate is only 11% in the first 5 years and 20% within the next 10 years after completing therapy.”

 The 5-year survival rate for breast cancer patients was 75% in 1975 and had increased to 90% by 2017 due to regular testing and improved methods for treatment.

 While breast cancer mortality has improved, the morbidity manifests physically, emotionally, and socially.

To an extent, worry about recurrence is appropriate, but when it becomes “excessive,” it can impact a patient’s quality of life.

 Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) “can manifest as an anxiety disorder, trauma- or stressor-related disorder, somatic symptom disorder […] or may exacerbate preexisting” conditions.

 FCR risk factors include preexisting anxiety, mood and trauma disorders, neuroticism, poorer physical health, positive margins and chemotherapy; however, “self-esteem, healthy coping, and sense of coherence” are protective.”

 When recurrence of breast cancer occurred, depression and anxiety were more likely to occur than at the initial diagnosis—45% at recurrence compared to 36% at initial diagnosis.

 With this in mind, you continue to monitor Anna for exacerbations in symptoms and plan to support her through periods of future surveillance.

is a psychiatrist at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and a psychosomatic medicine specialist. 

Breast cancer survivorship: where are we today?

2. Carreira H, Williams R, Müller M, Harewood R, et al. 

Associations between breast cancer survivorship and adverse mental health outcomes: a systematic review.

3. Burgess C, Cornelius V, Love S, et al. 

Depression and anxiety in women with early breast cancer: five year observational cohort study. 

4. Park EM, Gelber S, Rosenberg SM, et al. 

Anxiety and depression in young women with metastatic breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. 

Anxiety and depression in cancer survivors.

6. Goerling U, Bergelt C, Müller V, Mehnert-Theuerkauf A. 

Psychosocial distress in women with breast cancer and their partners and its impact on supportive care needs in partners. 

7. Forrest G, Plumb C, Ziebland S, Stein A. 

Breast cancer in young families: a qualitative interview study of fathers and their role and communication with their children following the diagnosis of maternal breast cancer. 

Coping with early breast cancer: couple adjustment processes and couple-based intervention. 

Myth-busters: telling the true story of breast cancer survivorship. 

10. Carlsen K, Dalton SO, Frederiksen K, et al. 

Are cancer survivors at an increased risk for divorce? A Danish cohort study.

11. Dorval M, Maunsell E, Taylor-Brown J, Kilpatrick M.

 Marital stability after breast cancer. 

Interactions between tamoxifen and antidepressants via cytochrome p450 2d6. 

13. Lavigne JE, Heckler C, Mathews JL, et al. 

A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial of gabapentin 300 versus 900 mg versus placebo for anxiety symptoms in breast cancer survivors. 

14. Gosain R, Gage-Bouchard E, Ambrosone C, et al. 

Stress reduction strategies in breast cancer: review of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic based strategies. 

15. Lindgren ME, Fagundes CP, Alfano CM, et al. 

Beta-blockers may reduce intrusive thoughts in newly diagnosed cancer patients. 

Is beta-blocker use beneficial in breast cancer? A meta-analysis. 

Yoga for improving health-related quality of life, mental health and cancer-related symptoms in women diagnosed with breast cancer.

18. Greenlee H, Balneaves LG, Carlson LE, et al. 

Clinical practice guidelines on the use of integrative therapies as supportive care in patients treated for breast cancer. 

Sexual identity after breast cancer: sexuality, body image, and relationship repercussions.

20. Fayanju OM, Yenokyan K, Ren Y, et al. 

The effect of treatment on patient‐reported distress after breast cancer diagnosis.

21. Rosenberg SM, Tamimi RM, Gelber S, et al. 

Body image in recently diagnosed young women with early breast cancer

The implications of women’s activity limitations and role disruptions during breast cancer survivorship. 

Breast cancer and sexuality: multi‐modal treatment options.

24. Santen RJ, Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, et al. 

Managing menopausal symptoms and associated clinical issues in breast cancer survivors.

25. Sussman TA, Kruse ML, Thacker HL, Abraham J. 

Managing genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors receiving endocrine therapy. 

Fear of cancer recurrence in young women with a history of early-stage breast cancer: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and association with health behaviours. 

27. Wagner JF, Lüdders D, Hoellen F, et al. 

Treatment anxiety in breast cancer patients.

28. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2013. National Cancer Institute. Updated April 2, 2018. Accessed February 22, 2022. 

https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2014/

Fear of cancer recurrence: a theoretical review and its relevance for clinical presentation and management. 

Determinants of death anxiety in patients with advanced cancer. 

Sarah Lateef

Articles

Surviving Survivorship